Exogenous bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of tissue ischemia and traumatic injury. However , until we identify the molecular mechanisms that underlie their actions , there can be no rational basis for the design of therapeutic strategies using BMDCs. The pro-healing effects of BMDCs are apparent very shortly after treatment , which suggests that they may exert their effects by the modulation of acute inflammation. We investigated this hypothesis by taking advantage of the fact that BMDCs from healthy , young, but not obese , diabetic mice stimulate vascular growth. By comparing both in vitro secretion and in vivo local induction of acute phase inflammatory cytokines by these cells , we identified monocyte chemoattractant factor 1 and tumor necrosis factor ␣ as potential mediators of BMDC-induced tissue repair. In vivo analysis of BMDC-treated ischemic limbs and cutaneous wounds revealed that the production of monocyte chemoattractant factor 1 by exogenous and endogenous BMDCs is essential for BMDC-mediated vascular growth and tissue healing , while the inability of BMDCs to produce tumor necrosis factor ␣ appears to play a lesser but still meaningful role. Thus, measurements of the secretion of cytokines by BMDCs may allow us to identify a priori individuals who would or would not be good candidates for BMDC-based therapies.