Vectorized Clay Nanoparticles in Therapy and Diagnosis

Abstract

Over the past several decades, clay minerals have been applied in various bio-fields such as drug and drug additives, animal medicine and feed additives, cosmetics, biosensors, etc. Among various research areas, however, the medical application of clay minerals is an emerging field not only in academia but also in industry. In particular, cationic and anionic clays have long been considered as drug delivery vehicles for developing advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs), which is the most important of the various research fields including new drugs and medicines, in vitro and in vivo diagnostics, implants, biocompatible materials, etc., in nanomedicine. These applications are obviously related to global issues such as improvements in welfare and quality of life with life expectancy increasing. Many scientists, therefore, in various disciplines, such as clay mineralogy, material chemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and medical science, have been endeavoring to find solutions to such global issues. One of the strategic approaches is probably to explore new drugs possessing intrinsic therapeutic effects or to develop advanced materials with theranostic functions. With this is mind, discussions of examples of cationic and anionic clays with bio- and medical applications based on nanomedicine are relevant. In this tutorial review, nanomedicine based on clay minerals are described in terms of synthetic strategies of clay nanohybrids, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, biocompatibility, oral and injectable medications, diagnostics, theranosis, etc.

Clay-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…These layer-by-layer structures are classified into different types (mainly 1:1 or 2:1) depending on the ratio and layering of silica (T) to alumina (O) sheets (Figure 4a) [23]. Anionic layered double hydroxides (LDH) possess stacked layers with a brucite-like structure similar to hydrotalcite, that holds exchangeable anions in their interlaminar space (as well as water molecules) [24]. The 1:1 (or T-O layers) single two-sheet mineral clays are held/linked together by hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group in octahedral sheets and oxygen in tetrahedral sheets.…”

“…Several types of clay minerals such as halloysite nanotubes [35], montmorillonite [36], laponite [37], and layered double hydroxide (LDH) [38], among others, have been studied extensively (i) for their ability to interact with biomedical scaffolds, (ii) as transport vehicles for advanced drug delivery, (iii) due to improved interactions with cells and tissues, and (iv) for several potential biomedical applications [24].…”

Recent progress in layered double hydroxides as a cancer theranostic nanoplatform

“…Recently, the research trend in DDSs with LDHs is changing to be in direction of giving multiplex functions in DDSs by bonding functional molecules on external surface of LDH vehicles for targeting, imaging, and/or theranosis (Table 1) (G. Choi, Eom, Vinu, & Choy, 2018; G. Choi, Piao, Eom, & Choy, 2019), because various functional molecules can either be bound in the interlayer space by ionic bonding interaction or be conjugated on internal or external surface of LDHs by covalent one, as shown in Figure 5.…”

A novel multi fractional comparative analysis of second law analysis of MHD flow of Casson nanofluid in a porous medium with slipping and ramped wall heating

“…In order to transport diagnostic agents with injectable, transdermal, and oral drugs, among other things, Choi et al. [3] employed one of the well‐known Clay nanoparticles in nanomedicine as transporters. Additionally, Gupta et al.…”