Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis: Report of An Outbreak Associated with Jungle Exposure

Sánchez, José L.; Takafuji, Ernest T.; Lednar, Wayne M.; LeDuc, James W.; Macasaet, Francisco F.; Mangiafico, Joseph A.; Rosato, Robert R.; Driggers, Donald P; Haecker, J. C.

doi:10.1093/milmed/149.11.618

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The isolation of VEEV from two of these soldiers, as well as the subsequent isolation from sentinel hamsters at the site of human infection, suggested that this area was an enzootic focus of transmission. Later studies detected VEEV circulation even during the dry season, indicating that central Panama was a stable enzootic VEEV focus [70,71]. None of these outbreaks was accompanied by disease in equids, and indeed equine VEE has never been documented in Panama, presumably because the enzootic subtype ID and IE strains there are equine avirulent and do not amplify efficiently in these animals [72].…”

Section: Vee Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the Americas: Hidden Under The Dengue Umbrella

et al. 2011

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Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is an emerging infectious disease in Latin America. Outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown VEE activity. Clinically, VEE is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are difficult to afford in resource-limited regions. Thus, the disease burden of endemic VEE in developing countries remains largely unknown, but recent surveillance suggests that it may represent up to 10% of the dengue burden in neotropical cities, or tens-of-thousands of cases per year throughout Latin America. The potential emergence of epizootic viruses from enzootic progenitors further highlights the need to strengthen surveillance activities, identify mosquito vectors and reservoirs and develop effective strategies to control the disease. In this article, we provide an overview of the current status of endemic VEE that results from spillover of the enzootic cycles, and we discuss public health measures for disease control as well as future avenues for VEE research.

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Section: Vee Complexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the Americas: Hidden Under The Dengue Umbrella

et al. 2011

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“…Lymphopenia and elevated hepatic enzymes are commonly seen during acute illness. Although nearly all human infections with VEEV are believed to be symptomatic, 24,75,84 only in a small percentage of natural cases of VEE (0.5% of adults and up to 4% of children) is central nervous system (CNS) infection apparent. 76 In such cases, CNS involvement represents a second phase of disease that usually follows the acute febrile phase by a few days.…”

Section: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Paper

2010

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The encephalitides caused by Venezuelan (VEEV), eastern (EEEV), and western (WEEV) equine encephalitis viruses are important natural diseases of horses and humans and potential agents of biowarfare or bioterrorism. No licensed vaccines or specific therapies exist to prevent or treat human infections with VEEV, EEEV, or WEEV. Well-characterized animal models are needed to support the development of such medical countermeasures under the United States Food and Drug Administration's "Animal Rule." This review focuses on the pathological features and pathogenetic mechanisms of these alphaviral encephalitides in animal models, with an emphasis on aerosol infections. Infection of mice, nonhuman primates, and other species with VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV causes encephalitis and often death. There is great variability in the specific manifestations of disease in the different models, however. Many aspects of the disease in animal models and in humans remain to be characterized using modern methods. Especially needed is a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in 3 key phases of the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalitis. These are the early extraneural phase, the process of neuroinvasion itself, and virus and host factors related to neurovirulence. A greater understanding of these aspects could provide avenues for the development of medical countermeasures and better establish suitable animal models of alphavirus encephalitis for testing them under the Animal Rule.

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“…Although the ID subtype of VEE virus was suspected as the causative agent in this outbreak, the subtype was not serologically confirmed. 4 This report describes a more recent isolation from a febrile human and subsequent identification of VEE virus, subtype ID, which may be associated with Gatun Lake in Panama.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Short report: Isolation and identification of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from a human in Panama.

Mangiafico¹,

Rossi²,

Ludwig³

2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis: Report of An Outbreak Associated with Jungle Exposure

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the Americas: Hidden Under The Dengue Umbrella

Endemic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis in the Americas: Hidden Under The Dengue Umbrella

Review Paper

Short report: Isolation and identification of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from a human in Panama.

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