Ventilation conditions and their influence on thermal comfort in examination classrooms in times of COVID-19. A case study in a Spanish area with Mediterranean climate

Miranda, M.T.; Romero, Pedro López; Valero-Amaro, Victor; Arranz, J.I.; Montero, I.

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113910

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This is evidenced in Figure 8, which shows the percentage of dissatisfied students as a function of outdoor temperature and the total area of open windows. In a study of thermal comfort in university classrooms of southwest Spain during mid-season (spring), Miranda et al [32] also reported that different natural ventilation strategies are recommended when the outdoor temperature is below 12 • C (i.e., limiting the number of open windows) in order to minimise the number of dissatisfied students.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the EU guidelines for ventilation, the Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations (REHVA) has recommended using CO 2 concentration as an indicator of good indoor air quality, and has suggested a traffic light indicator for effective ventilation, where concentration values of below 800 ppm indicate good ventilation (green light), values between 800 and 1000 ppm represent acceptable ventilation (orange light), and values above 1000 ppm indicate unacceptable ventilation (red light) [27]. Consequently, the normal use of classrooms was modified, and new protocols and ventilation strategies were implemented, resulting in alterations to the classroom's indoor environmental conditions [29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Perception in Naturally Ventilated University Buildings in Spain during the Cold Season

et al. 2022

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The indoor thermal environment has become a critical factor, due to its impact on the energy efficiency of a building and the health and performance of its occupants. It is particularly important for educational buildings, where students and teachers are exposed to these thermal conditions. This study assessed the impact of natural ventilation efficiency and university students’ thermal perception during the cold season. A field monitoring campaign and a questionnaire survey were conducted. A total of 989 students participated in this study. The results show that, although the CO2 concentration in 90% of the evaluated classrooms was below the European recommended value (i.e., 800 ppm), only 18% of the classrooms were within the thermal comfort zone defined by national regulations. These thermal conditions caused 55% of the students surveyed to report that they were dissatisfied, and that this environment interfered with their academic performance. Significant differences were found between thermal sensation votes from female and male students (p < 0.001). The obtained neutral temperature was one degree higher for female students than for males. Our results suggest that ventilation protocols need to be modified by adjusting the window opening strategy, and these findings should be used as guidelines during their redesign.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Perception in Naturally Ventilated University Buildings in Spain during the Cold Season

et al. 2022

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“…Comfortable internal temperatures can be difficult to maintain using openable windows when the outside air temperature falls below 6 °C. 54 Therefore, the selection of the most appropriate ventilation prophylaxis measure(s) for a specific room or zone within an F I G U R E 1 Flowchart indicating the procedure for the selection of room-based ventilation prophylaxis measures educational building depends on a number of factors. These include consideration of the functional characteristics of the room being assessed, the occupancy patterns, and the presence or absence of existing natural and mechanical ventilation systems.…”

Section: Enhancing Measures Against Indirect Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi‐layered strategy for COVID ‐19 infection prophylaxis in schools: A review of the evidence for masks, distancing, and ventilation

et al. 2022

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Implications for the academic and interpersonal development of children and adolescents underpin a global political consensus to maintain in-classroom teaching during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In support of this aim, the WHO and UNICEF have called for schools around the globe to be made safer from the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Detailed guidance is needed on how this goal can be successfully implemented in a wide variety of educational settings in order to effectively mitigate impacts on the health of students, staff, their families, and society. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current scientific evidence and emerging standards in relation to the use of layered prevention strategies (involving masks, distancing, and ventilation), setting out the basis for their implementation in the school environment.In the presence of increasingly infectious SARS-Cov-2 variants, in-classroom teaching can only be safely maintained through a layered strategy combining multiple protective measures. The precise measures that are needed at any point in time depend

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“…In situ measurements of the environmental variables were taken during different evaluation tests. These measures affected the thermal comfort of the occupants, especially when the outside temperature was below 6 • C (Miranda et al 2021). They investigated the one-dimensional droplet evaporation model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Spreading Prediction in a Control Room of Power Plant Using CFD Simulation

Karami

Lakzian

Lee

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Coughing and sneezing are the main ways of spreading coronavirus-2019 (SARS-CoV-2). Strategically critical facilities such as power plants cannot be shut down even in challenging situations like the COVID-19 outbreak. The personnel of the power plants' control room need to work together at close distances. This study presents the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results on the dispersion and transport of respiratory droplets emitted by an infected person coughs in a control room with an air ventilation system. This information would be helpful for risk assessment and for developing mitigation measures to prevent the spread of infection. The turbulent airflow in the control room is simulated using the k-ε model. The particle equation of motion included the drag, the Saffman lift, the Brownian, gravity/buoyancy, and thermophoresis forces. The simulation results showed that after 115 s, the cough droplets are dispersed in the entire room, and there is no safe (virus-free) space in the control room. Therefore, a safer design for the ventilation system is proposed by placing the ventilation air inlet and outlet registers across the control room and creating airflow patterns similar to air curtains that divided the room into three compartments.

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Ventilation conditions and their influence on thermal comfort in examination classrooms in times of COVID-19. A case study in a Spanish area with Mediterranean climate

Cited by 40 publications

References 40 publications

Thermal Perception in Naturally Ventilated University Buildings in Spain during the Cold Season

Thermal Perception in Naturally Ventilated University Buildings in Spain during the Cold Season

A multi‐layered strategy for COVID ‐19 infection prophylaxis in schools: A review of the evidence for masks, distancing, and ventilation

COVID-19 Spreading Prediction in a Control Room of Power Plant Using CFD Simulation

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