Vertical and Horizontal Proportions of the Face in Young Adult North American Caucasians

Farkas, Leslie G.; Hreczko, Tania A.; Kolár, J; Munro, Ian R.

doi:10.1097/00006534-198503000-00006

Cited by 70 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…Our results, according to the nasoaural canon (canon IV), were similar to the naso-aural canon analysis results of African American people, North American white people, Indian American and Korean American females [4,6,12]. In these studies, the ear length was greater than nose length in most subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…And these facial cannons have been recommend in current text books on orthodontics, prosthodontics and plastic and reconstructive surgery for the treatment planning. Most of anthropometric data about the neoclassical canons comes from Farkas' work on North American white populations [6,7,10,15]. But another studies of Korean [4], Indian [12], African American [18], Turkish [2,3] and Chinese [13] subjects as well as the present study, reported that some of the Abbreviations as in Table 1 neoclassical canons may fit a few subjects and they do not represent the average facial proportions.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…Whereas special face height was shorter than the special head height for both males and females in African American and North American white people [6,18,19]. In addition, when we compare our results for canon I with findings that were obtained from other studies in Turkish population the differences were seen between findings [2,3].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

“…However, it was shown that forehead height II was shorter than the lower face height in North Americans [1,7]. Some studies found that lower face heights was greater than the upper face heights in North American white females (68%), Korean American females (42%), and Indian Americans (37%), African American males (98%) and females (75%) [4,6,12,19]. Contrary to these findings that were obtained from other studies, the lower face height was greater than the upper face heights only in 21% of females and in 25% of males in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The validity of eight neoclassical facial canons in the Turkish adults

et al. 2016

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005). The nasofacial proportion has been found to include the most proportional subjects (33%) followed by the orbito-nasal (30%), the orbital proportion (25%) and the naso-oral proportion (17%) in the female. Considering the male, the orbital proportion has been found to include the most proportional subjects (23%) followed by the orbito-nasal proportion (21%), naso-facial proportion (19%) and the naso-oral proportion (17% (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 4: 512-517)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The validity of eight neoclassical facial canons in the Turkish adults

et al. 2016

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“…A facial profile silhouette image was created with computer software (Adobe Ò Photoshop Ò CS2 software; Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). The image was manipulated using the same software to construct an 'ideal' facial profile image with proportions [1] and soft tissue measurements [1,[5][6][7][8][9][10] based on currently accepted criteria.…”

Section: Image Creationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Submental-Cervical Angle: Perceived Attractiveness and Threshold Values of Desire for Surgery

Naini

Cobourne

McDonald

et al. 2015

J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.

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Aim The submental-cervical angle may alter as a result of mandibular orthognathic surgery and/or the ageing process and is therefore an important facial aesthetic parameter for comparative diagnosis and treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to undertake a quantitative evaluation of the influence of the submental-cervical angle on perceived attractiveness and threshold values of desire for surgery. Study Design The submental-cervical angle of an idealized profile silhouette image was altered incrementally between 90°and 130°. The images were rated on a sevenpoint Likert scale by pre-treatment orthognathic patients (n = 75), laypeople (n = 75), and clinicians (n = 35). Results A submental-cervical angle of 90°-105°was deemed acceptable. Angles up to 120°were deemed slightly unattractive by the lay and clinician groups, but very unattractive by the patient group. By 125°-130°all groups perceived the angle as very unattractive. The threshold value of desire for surgery was 110°for patients, 115°for lay people and 125°for clinicians. Patients appear to be more critical than lay and clinician groups. Conclusions These ranges of normal variability of the submental-cervical angle and threshold values of desire for surgery, in terms of observer acceptance, should be considered by clinicians in planning mandibular orthognathic surgery and aesthetic surgical procedures of the submentalcervical region.

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Comparison of the Aesthetic Facial Proportions of Southern Chinese and White Women

Sim

Smith

Chan

2000

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

120

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To compare the aesthetic facial proportions of southern Chinese women with published average and ideal values for white women.Design: One hundred Chinese women between the ages of 18 and 40 years who had not undergone previous facial surgery were chosen at random, and their aesthetic facial proportions were measured from 5 ϫ 7-in photographs. Comparisons were made with similar reported measurements for the white face, and the surgical relevance of the differences observed is discussed.Results: The major facial differences observed in the Chinese face were the wider intercanthal distance, the wider nasal base, a different profile of the lower face, and differences in the eyelids. The Chinese nose was less prominent, the alae were more flared, the nostrils were more horizontally oriented, the alar-columellar relationships were different, and the nasal tip was less defined.Conclusions: Although the general principles of facial plastic surgery apply to both white and Chinese faces, the aesthetic goals are different. The aim is to retain the ethnicity and natural appearance of the face.

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Vertical and Horizontal Proportions of the Face in Young Adult North American Caucasians

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

The validity of eight neoclassical facial canons in the Turkish adults

The validity of eight neoclassical facial canons in the Turkish adults

Submental-Cervical Angle: Perceived Attractiveness and Threshold Values of Desire for Surgery

Comparison of the Aesthetic Facial Proportions of Southern Chinese and White Women

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