Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 Infected Pregnant Women: A Review on Intrauterine Transmission

Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Exposure In Utero

“…We attribute baby's clinical worsening and very high inflammatory markers within first few hours of life to anti SARS CoV2 antibodies suggestive of antenatal exposure to SARS CoV-2. Similar findings were reported by Ravindra Pawar, et al 7 and Saima Naz, et al 8 Fetus in utero deploys an inflammatory response to variety of infectious as well as non-infectious stimuli leading to fetal inflammatory response syndrome. 9,10 Various reports have defined FIRS as elevated concentration of fetal interleukin-6.…”

SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in human gastric organoids

“…Investigating the susceptibility in vitro of the GI tract during different fetal developmental stages will help to elucidate a potential mechanism for vertical transmission. While samples from affected mothers have so far failed to prove that amniotic fluid, cord blood, and breast milk contain SARS-CoV-2 10 , a paucity of data prevent firm conclusions on the role of COVID-19 on intrauterine vertical transmission [11][12][13] .…”

SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnant Women: Consequences of Vertical Transmission

“…At the same time, pregnant women from certain ethnic communities are more vulnerable to particular underlying conditions due to various social disparities in healthcare, and subsequently, these groups' increased susceptibility to severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection should be taken into account for future studies. Furthermore, future research should investigate the possible role of variants of SARS-CoV-2 in vertical transmission from an infected mother to her fetus since this virus has evolved and mutated a significant number of times since its emergence in December 2019 (van Dorp et al, 2020 Baud et al, 2020;Dong et al, 2020;Pulinx et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b;Saccone et al, 2021 SARS-CoV-2 infection in lungs; Patchy or hazy opacities near or on lungs Dong et al, 2020;Wu C. et al, 2020;Xiong et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020;Cruz-Lemini et al, 2021 SARS-CoV-2 infection in placenta; Intervillosis observed in placenta; Abnormalities in the placenta Baud et al, 2020;Fenizia et al, 2020;Hosier et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Pulinx et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b;Zhou et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020 SARS-CoV-2 infection in umbilical cord; Abnormalities and/or inflammation of umbilical cord Baud et al, 2020;Fenizia et al, 2020;Hosier et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020 SARS-CoV-2 infection in maternal blood Fenizia et al, 2020;Pulinx et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b SARS-CoV-2 infection in amniotic fluid Fenizia et al, 2020;Pulinx et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b;Zamaniyan et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020 Mild to moderate (occasionally severe) COVID-19 disease symptoms in infected pregnant women…”

“…et al, 2020;Zamaniyan et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;Di Toro et al, 2021 Increased levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in pregnant women Dong et al, 2020;Hosier et al, 2020;Iyer et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020 Elevated levels of D-dimer in SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant women Areia and Mota-Pinto, 2020;Chi et al, 2020;Dhama et al, 2020;Wu C. et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021 ACE2 expressed in maternal-fetal interface cells Chi et al, 2020;Fenizia et al, 2020;Golden and Simmons, 2020;Lai et al, 2020 Preeclampsia andother pregnancy complications Areia andMota-Pinto, 2020;Chen et al, 2020;Chi et al, 2020;Golden and Simmons, 2020;Hosier et al, 2020;Narang et al, 2020;Wu Y.T. et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;Cruz-Lemini et al, 2021;Saccone et al, 2021 Abnormalities and Complications in Newborns from SARS-CoV-2 Viral Transmission Radiological features of pneumonia, pulmonary infection in the lungs, shortness of breath or oxygen deprivation, or respiratory distress present in newborn Areia and Mota-Pinto, 2020;Golden and Simmons, 2020;Narang et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b;Wu Y.T. et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020;Chi et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;…”

“…et al, 2020;Zhou et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;Cruz-Lemini et al, 2021;Saccone et al, 2021 Abnormalities and Complications in Newborns from SARS-CoV-2 Viral Transmission Radiological features of pneumonia, pulmonary infection in the lungs, shortness of breath or oxygen deprivation, or respiratory distress present in newborn Areia and Mota-Pinto, 2020;Golden and Simmons, 2020;Narang et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b;Wu Y.T. et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020;Chi et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;Cruz-Lemini et al, 2021;Di Toro et al, 2021 Asymptomatic newborns from infected pregnant women Dong et al, 2020;Fenizia et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Zamaniyan et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;Di Toro et al, 2021;Saccone et al, 2021 Newborn experiencing fever, gastrointestinal, and other mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19 Golden and Simmons, 2020;Narang et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020;Bellos et al, 2021;Di Toro et al, 2021 Elevated anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibody levels in newborn; Increased immune system activation Chi et al, 2020;Dong et al, 2020;Golden and Simmons, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;Vivanti et al, 2020b;Zhou et al, 2020;Saccone et al, 2021 Abnormalities in liver function for newborn Dong et al, 2020;Naz et al, 2020;…”