Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: discussion of the evidence

Damascena, Alialdo Dantas; Azevêdo, Laylla Mirella Galvão; Oliveira, Tarcio de Almeida; Santana, Jerusa da Mota; Pereira, Marcos

doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1951653

Cited by 12 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 16 publications

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“…This is because vitamin D deficiency contributes to the state of hyperinflammation and may exacerbate preexisting metabolic and cardiovascular diseases [34][35][36][37][38][39]. Consequently, vitamin D has been proposed as one of the crucial components in the treatment of acute COVID-19 infection [40][41][42][43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review

Chen,

Chang,

Yang

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is now recognized as a multiorgan disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. A substantial proportion of individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 are experiencing persistent, prolonged, and often incapacitating sequelae, collectively referred to as long COVID. To date, definitive diagnostic criteria for long COVID diagnosis remain elusive. An emerging public health threat is neuropsychiatric long COVID, encompassing a broad range of manifestations, such as sleep disturbance, anxiety, depression, brain fog, and fatigue. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric complications of long COVID are presently not fully elucidated, neural cytolytic effects, neuroinflammation, cerebral microvascular compromise, breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thrombosis, hypoxia, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and provoked neurodegeneration are pathophysiologically linked to long-term neuropsychiatric consequences, in addition to systemic hyperinflammation and maladaptation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, is a potent immunomodulatory hormone with potential beneficial effects on anti-inflammatory responses, neuroprotection, monoamine neurotransmission, BBB integrity, vasculometabolic functions, gut microbiota, and telomere stability in different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting through both genomic and nongenomic pathways. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the potential mechanisms and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric long COVID syndrome and the plausible neurological contributions of vitamin D in mitigating the effects of long COVID.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review

Chen,

Chang,

Yang

et al. 2023

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vitamin D

Bandeira

Lazaretti-Castro

Binkley

2021

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

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In December 2019, the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome due to a new coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2), later designated as Covid-19, were described in China. With rapid advance of the infection to several continents, in March 2020, WHO declared this to be a pandemic. In April 2020, the first papers suggesting a possible role of Vitamin D deficiency in the severity of this infection began to appear and dozens of articles evaluating a potential relationship of vitamin D with COVID have emerged subsequntly. This possibility was raised based on pre-existing evidence of the effects of Vitamin D on the immune system, and more specifically on acute respiratory viral infections. In addition, most Covid-19 victims belong to groups at risk for vitamin D deficiency such as the elderly, obese, chronically ill, and specific ethnic groups. Although with some contradictory reports exist, most observational and cohort studies find a relationship of low vitamin D status with greater Covid severity, others, including the few interventional studies available show inconsistent results. This paper aims to present the rapidly expanding literature to date regarding the clinical relevance of vitamin D in Covid-19 and, consequently, the reasonableness of avoiding its deficiency to keep the immune system able to respond in the best way to this acute viral infection. In the meantime, we wait for publication of several prospective randomized controlled studies that are underway, evaluating the effects of treatment with vitamin D or metabolites on the severity of Covid-19 outcomes.

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The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An update

Alam

Czajkowsky

Islam

et al. 2021

International Immunopharmacology

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The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is having a disastrous impact on global health. Recently, several studies examined the potential of vitamin D to reduce the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating the immune system. Indeed, vitamin D has been found to boost the innate immune system and stimulate the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the immunological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as a thorough survey of the recent epidemiological studies and clinical trials that tested vitamin D as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection. We believe that a better understanding of the histopathology and immunopathology of the disease as well as the mechanism of vitamin D effects on COVID-19 severity will ultimately pave the way for a more effective prevention and control of this global pandemic.

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Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: discussion of the evidence

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review

Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review

Clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vitamin D

The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An update

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