Vitamin D deficiency and posterior subcapsular cataract

Brown, Craig J; Akaichi, Faical

doi:10.2147/opth.s84790

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Oxidative stress in patients with CKD may induce carbamylation of lens proteins; advanced glycation end products under oxidative stress may cause yellowing of the lens and generation of oxygen-free radicals that lead to cataract [8,11,29,30]. Vitamin D deficiency may affect the calcium metabolism of the lens epithelial cells, causing lens tissue cloudy and distorted with calcium deposition [12,13,31.] Accumulation of toxin(s) and water in the lens due to urea disequilibrium may also explain this relationship [10,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk of Cataract: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Liu

Hung²,

Lee³

et al. 2017

Am J Nephrol

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Background: Previous studies have established a relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cataract, but the relationship between the severity of renal impairment and risk of cataract is uncertain. This study investigates the relationship between the severity of renal disease and cataract in a nationwide sample from Taiwan. Methods: The cohort from 1-million National Health Insurance beneficiaries from Taiwan was retrospectively analyzed. All adult beneficiaries were followed from January 1, 2005 until December 31, 2013, to identify patients who underwent cataract surgeries. On the basis of the ambulatory care records, those diagnosed with CKD (ICD-9-CM code: 585) during the follow-up period were enrolled as CKD patients after careful evaluation. Each patient with CKD was age- and gender-matched with 4 individuals who did not have CKD. Cox regression models were applied to compare the hazard of cataract surgery in individuals with and without CKD. Subgroup analysis was used to compare patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with age- and gender-matched non-CKD individuals. ESRD was defined by CKD patients who need regular renal replacement therapy. The same method was applied to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs). Results: After age and gender matching, there were 11,881 patients in the CKD group and 47,524 in the non-CKD group. After control for possible confounding, the adjusted HR (aHR) of cataract was 1.84 (95% CI 1.73-1.95) for the CKD group. Subgroup analysis of patients with ESRD (n = 3,209) and non-CKD individuals (n = 12,836), with matching done on the basis of age and gender, indicated an aHR of cataract was 2.33 (95% CI 2.10-2.59) for the ESRD group. Conclusions: This study indicates a relationship between CKD and cataract, and suggests that the risk for cataract increases with the severity of renal impairment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk of Cataract: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Liu

Hung²,

Lee³

et al. 2017

Am J Nephrol

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“…In other studies, a sustained cyclosporin A delivery microsphere prevented postoperative posterior subcapsular cataract development in New Zealand white rabbits, in vivo [284]. Brown and Akaichi (2015) observed an association between vitamin D deficiency and posterior subcapsular cataract patients and suggested that intake of vitamin D might reduce incidence of posterior subcapsular cataracts [285]. In corroboration, lanosterol, a crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids and vitamin D, reduced protein aggregation due to mutant crystallin in in vitro tests and cell transfection methods.…”

Section: Sprague-dawley Rats Oralmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends in the Pharmacotherapy of Cataracts

et al. 2020

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Cataracts, one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide, refers to lens degradation that is characterized by clouding, with consequent blurry vision. As life expectancies improve, the number of people affected with cataracts is predicted to increase worldwide, especially in low-income nations with limited access to surgery. Although cataract surgery is considered safe, it is associated with some complications such as retinal detachment, warranting a search for cheap, pharmacological alternatives to the management of this ocular disease. The lens is richly endowed with a complex system of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants which scavenge reactive oxygen species to preserve lens proteins. Depletion and/or failure in this primary antioxidant defense system contributes to the damage observed in lenticular molecules and their repair mechanisms, ultimately causing cataracts. Several attempts have been made to counteract experimentally induced cataract using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques. The majority of the anti-cataract compounds tested, including plant extracts and naturally-occurring compounds, lies in their antioxidant and/or free radical scavenging and/or anti-inflammatory propensity. In addition to providing an overview of the pathophysiology of cataracts, this review focuses on the role of various categories of natural and synthetic compounds on experimentally-induced cataracts.

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“…Hypoparathyroidism may lower serum calcium, disrupting the lenticular calcium-phosphorus balance and turnover, subsequently raising glucose and glycolysis levels, and promoting PSC formation (Firschein 1962). There is also evidence that vitamin D deficiency early in the development of ASCs and PSCs causes lens tissue to over time become cloudy with calcium deposits (Brown and Akaichi 2015). High levels of vitamin D given to treat deficiencies in PSC patients, mostly with hypocalcemia, not only reduced PSC incidence but also reversed the formation of vacuoles characteristic of early, low grade ASCs and PSCs.…”

Section: Calcium Imbalance Including Hypoparathyroidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asymmetrical lenticular opacities generally progress in a more staged manner than for other cataracts types. Indeed, low-grade subcapsular cataracts can be transient disorders, as observed when treating hypocalcemia or hyperglycemia (Eshaghian 1982;Brown and Akaichi 2015;Sychev et al 2017).…”

Section: Summary Of Section Sections 2 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Etiology of posterior subcapsular cataracts based on a review of risk factors including aging, diabetes, and ionizing radiation

Richardson

Ainsbury

Prescott

et al. 2020

International Journal of Radiation Biology

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Purpose: Since the exact development of posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) is poorly understood, we review various risk factors and propose a two-stage etiology for PSCs. Methods: The biological mechanisms associated with age-related cataracts (primarily nuclear cataracts, cortical cataracts and PSCs) were reviewed in relation to selected risk factors that induce PSCs (including atopy, diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, myopia, retinitis, solar radiation, steroid use, uveitis, vitrectomy and ionizing radiation). We particularly focused on ionizing radiation, as this is known to be a risk factor specific to PSCs. Based on an analysis of the reviewed material, we propose a detailed explanation of the etiology of PSCs. Conclusions: Lens epithelial cells (LECs) and lens fiber cells are normally hypoxic and therefore very sensitive to changes in oxidative stress, as quantified by the radiation oxygen effect. We hypothesize that the development of PSC opacities is a two-stage process. Stage I, early in life, is driven by risk factors that promote oxidative stress and ion-pump disruption, harming lens fibers and causing aberrant LECs to proliferate and ectopically migrate as Wedl cells (perhaps by processes associated with an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) to the posterior pole region. After a latent period, in Stage II, the development of PSCs advances mainly due to chronic inflammation and other premature aging-related mechanisms that promote mature vacuolar or plaque PSC. This two-stage hypothesis of PSC etiology accounts for risk factors, such as aging, diabetes and ionizing radiation, which directly affects LECs and the lens. In addition, these risk factors can damage other ocular regions, such as the retina and vitreous, that also indirectly contribute to the development of PSCs. It is possible that the incidence of PSCs may be reduced by reversing the effects of Stage I through various means, including ocular antioxidants.

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Vitamin D deficiency and posterior subcapsular cataract

Cited by 32 publications

References 36 publications

Association between Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk of Cataract: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Association between Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk of Cataract: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

Current Trends in the Pharmacotherapy of Cataracts

Etiology of posterior subcapsular cataracts based on a review of risk factors including aging, diabetes, and ionizing radiation

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