“…Other nodes in the IM subsystem include the breakout gateway control function (BGCF), media gateway control function (MGCF), IM-media gateway function (IM-MGW), and transport signaling gateway function (T-SGW). These nodes are typically used in a voice over IP (VoIP) network [12,13], and will be elaborated on in subsequent sections. Most interfaces among these nodes (i.e., Mc, Mg, Mh, Mm, Mr, and Ms) are IPbased gateway control protocols.…”