Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools

Weaver, William A.; Li, Jing; Wen, Yao; Johnston, Jessica; Blatchley, Michael R.; Blatchley, Ernest R.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.035

Cited by 151 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Swimmers are exposed to these DBPs primarily through dermal absorption of skin-permeable DBPs and through inhalation of volatile DBPs. Trichloramine, a volatile compound producing a penetrating odor and causing skin irritation [82], is present in the air of indoor swimming pools. Whether exposure to this irritant environmental could affect the respiratory health of pool attendants is a topic of research.…”

Section: Swimming Pools and Respiratory Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

233

124

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The presence of chemical compounds formed as disinfection by-products (DBPs) is widespread in developed countries, and virtually whole populations are exposed to these chemicals through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption from drinking water and swimming pools. Epidemiological evidence has shown a consistent association between long-term exposure to trihalomethanes and the risk of bladder cancer, although the causal nature of the association is not conclusive. Evidence concerning other cancer sites is insufficient or mixed. Numerous studies have evaluated reproductive implications, including sperm quality, time to pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy outcomes such as fetal loss, fetal growth, preterm delivery, and congenital malformation. The body of evidence suggests only minor effects from high exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth indices such as small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Populations highly exposed to swimming pools such as pool workers and professional swimmers show a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma, respectively, although the direction of the association, and thus causality, is not clear among professional swimmers. The risk of asthma, wheezing, eczema, and other respiratory outcomes among children attending swimming pools has been the object of extensive research. Early studies suggested a positive association, while subsequent larger studies found no correlations or showed a protective association. Future research should develop methods to evaluate the effects of the DBP mixture and the interaction with personal characteristics (e.g., genetics, lifestyle), clarify the association between swimming pools and respiratory health, evaluate the occurrence of DBPs in lowand middle-income countries, and evaluate outcomes suggested by animal studies that have not been considered in epidemiological investigations.

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Section: Swimming Pools and Respiratory Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

233

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…When children are first learning to swim, they inhale and swallow aerosols containing chloramines, which are soluble and can be carried to deep levels of the respiratory tract (Weaver et al, 2009). Due to the fact that children have a greater surface area, they absorb higher levels of chlorine products across the surface of their skin, in proportion to their body weight.…”

Section: Human Exposure and Internal Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A common problem from the use of chlorinated swimming pools is the pungent smelling 'chlorine' water This smell, which is irritating for the eyes and upper respiratory system, is due to the presence of chloroamines (Weaver et al, 2009). Chloroamines, such as monochloroamine (NH2Cl), and dichloroamine (NHCl2) are synthesized from hypochlorite and ammonia compounds, which originate from the sweat and urine of swimmers (Weaver et al, 2009).…”

Section: Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chloroamines, such as monochloroamine (NH2Cl), and dichloroamine (NHCl2) are synthesized from hypochlorite and ammonia compounds, which originate from the sweat and urine of swimmers (Weaver et al, 2009). The risks of exposure from chloroamines are determinant among the level of chlorine used, contamination of water from swimmers and their personal hygiene and air circulation (Lourencetti et al, 2008).…”

Section: Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Chlorine in Indoor Swimming Pools and its Increased Risk of Adverse Health Effects

Angione¹,

McClenaghan²,

LaPlante³

2011

RISS-IJHS

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Contexte : Le chlore est un agent communément utilisé pour désinfecter l'eau des piscines. La ventilation inadéquate des piscines intérieures et les produits dérivés de la désinfection au chlore (DDC) provenant de la matière organique favorisent l'augmentation des risques de conséquences nuisibles pour la santé. On doit surveiller la qualité de l'eau et une ventilation adéquate pour éviter que les jeunes et les adolescents courent des risques.Méthodes : Les auteurs ont étudié des recherches menées sur des enfants et adolescents âgés de 2 à 18 ans qui nagent dans les piscines intérieures. Toutefois, ils ont seulement étudié celles parues dans les journaux des années 2000 à 2010, et contenant des statistiques globales. Ils ont aussi passé en revue des articles scientifiques de collègues, et fait la méta-analyse de trois bases de données scientifiques différentes : PubMed, Web of Science et Google Scholar. Résultats et Conclusions :Les enfants de moins de cinq ans, les maîtres-nageurs et les nageurs d'élite courent un risque accru de symptômes des voies respiratoires supérieures et inférieures, tels que l'asthme, parce qu'ils sont exposés fréquemment à de l'eau chlorée. Mais les nageurs récréatifs qui ne nagent que modérément ont moins de risques de contracter de l'asthme professionnel.Conséquences : Si on réduit l'exposition au chlore des piscines intérieures, cela peut diminuer les risques de contracter des infections des voies respiratoires supérieures et inférieures. Mots-clés :Chlore, effets nuisibles pour la sante, piscines intérieures 45 Abstract:Background: Chlorine is a commonly used agent for water disinfectant in swimming pools. Inadequate ventilation in indoor swimming pools and chlorination disinfectant by-products (DBP's) caused by organic matter promote the increased risk of adverse health effects. Water quality and proper ventilation must be monitored to avoid health risks in youth and adolescents.

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“…different forms of chloramine gases. One of these is trichloramine, which is easily evaporated and then enriched above the surface of the water (Weaver et al 2009;Schmalz et al 2011). It is also predicted that crowded modern adventure bath with waterfalls, water slides and bubble pools could generate higher trichloramine levels in the air (Hery et al 1995;Richardson et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel: trichloramine exposure, exhaled NO and protein profiling of nasal lavage fluids

Fornander

Ghafouri

Lindahl

et al. 2012

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose Occurrence of airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel was investigated.The aim was to assess trichloramine exposure levels and exhaled nitric oxide in relation to the prevalence of airway symptoms in swimming pool facilities and to determine protein effects in the upper respiratory tract. MethodsThe presence of airway symptoms related to work were examined in 146 individuals working at 46 indoor swimming pool facilities. Levels of trichloramine, as well as exhaled nitric oxide, were measured in five facilities with high prevalence of airway irritation and four facilities with no airway irritation among the personnel. Nasal lavage fluid was collected and protein profiles were determined by a proteomic approach.Results 17 % of the swimming pool personnel reported airway symptoms related to work. The levels of trichloramine in the swimming pool facilities ranged from 0.04-0.36 mg/m 3 . There were no covariance between trichloramine levels, exhaled nitric oxide and prevalence of airway symptoms.Protein profiling of the nasal lavage fluid showed that, alpha-1-antitrypsin and lactoferrin, were significantly higher, and S100-A8 was significantly lower in swimming pool personnel.Conclusions This study confirms the occurrence of airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel. Our results indicate altered levels of innate immunity proteins in the upper airways that may pose as potential biomarkers. However, swimming pool facilities with high prevalence of airway irritation could not be explained by higher trichloramine exposure levels. Further studies are needed to clarify the environmental factors in indoor swimming pools that cause airway problems and affect the immune system.

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Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools

Cited by 151 publications

References 30 publications

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

A Review of Chlorine in Indoor Swimming Pools and its Increased Risk of Adverse Health Effects

Airway irritation among indoor swimming pool personnel: trichloramine exposure, exhaled NO and protein profiling of nasal lavage fluids

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