Volatile organic compound emission factors from roadside measurements

Kawashima, Hiroto; Minami, Shigeki; Hanai, Yoshimichi; Fushimi, Akihiro

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.044

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There are very strong relationships between the alkanes, but weaker correlations between the alkanes and the BTEX species or ethene, all of which are known to be emissions in car traffic exhaust (Kawashima et al, 2006). Alkanes prominent in traffic exhaust and gasoline evaporation are dominated by butanes, pentanes and hexanes (Liu et al, 2014;Pang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Voc Abundances and Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Alkanes prominent in traffic exhaust and gasoline evaporation are dominated by butanes, pentanes and hexanes (Liu et al, 2014;Pang et al, 2014). Typically observed car traffic dominated urban ratios are approximately 1:1 for isopentane to n-butane, 2.5:1 for isopentane to isobutane, 2:1 for isopentane to n-pentane, 5:1 for isopentane to n-hexane, and 12.5:1 for isopentane to n-heptane (Parrish et al, 1998;Kawashima et al, 2006;Baker et al, 2008;Parrish et al, 2009). The respective ratios at the Floresville site were approximately 1:3, 2:3, 1:1, 5:1, and 15:1, similar to findings in the Denver-Julesburg Basin, an oil and gas development region in Colorado (Gilman et al, 2013;Swarthout et al, 2013), and signifying a strong contribution to abundances by other short-chain alkane emitting sources.…”

Section: Voc Abundances and Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon data from a monitoring station affected by oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas

Schade

Roest

2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Within the last decade, unconventional oil and gas exploration in the US has become a new source of atmospheric hydrocarbons. Although a geographically dispersed source, field measurements in and downwind of a number of shale basins demonstrate the impact exploration activities have on ambient levels of hydrocarbons. Due to concerns related to ozone production, regulatory agencies are adding monitoring stations to better understand the potential influence of emissions from areas with increased oil and gas related activities. The Eagle Ford shale in south Texas is a rapidly developing shale play producing both oil and natural gas, providing 10% and 5% of US domestic oil and gas production, respectively, in 2013. We analyzed the first year of measurements from a newly established monitoring site at its central north edge. The data reveal median ethane mixing ratios-used as a marker for oil and gas exploration related emissions-at five times its typical clean air background. Ethane mixing ratios above ten times the background occurred regularly. Saturated hydrocarbons with likely origin in oil and gas exploration explain half of the data set's variability. They dominate OH radical reactivity at levels both similar to other shale areas and similar to Houston's ship channel area a decade ago. Air advecting slowly across the shale area from east-southeast and southwest directions shows the most elevated hydrocarbon concentrations, and evidence is presented linking elevated alkene abundances to flaring in the shale area. A case study is presented linking high emissions from an upwind facility to hydrocarbon plumes observed at the monitor.

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Section: Voc Abundances and Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Voc Abundances and Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon data from a monitoring station affected by oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas

Schade

Roest

2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…The EFs of single vehicles can be measured using chassis dynamometers or simple engine emission measurements (Lim et al 2006;Yang et al 2005;Hausberger et al 2003;Schmitz et al 2000). However, dynamometer tests cannot accurately reflect the potential importance of on-road factors such as actual driving conditions and evaporative emissions from fuel tanks (Kawaashima et al 2006). Measurements of air pollutants in road tunnels can be used to quantify on-road traffic emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sánchez-Ccoyllo

Ynoue

Martins

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

104

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In the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, ozone and particulate matter (PM) are the air pollutants that pose the greatest threat to air quality, since the PM and the ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) are the main source of air pollution from vehicular emissions. Vehicular emissions can be measured inside road tunnels, and those measurements can provide information about emission factors of in-use vehicles. Emission factors are used to estimate vehicular emissions and are described as the amount of species emitted per vehicle distance driven or per volume of fuel consumed. This study presents emission factor data for fine particles, coarse particles, inhalable particulate matter and black carbon, as well as size distribution data for inhalable particulate matter, as measured in March and May of 2004, respectively, in the Jânio Quadros and Maria Maluf road tunnels, both located in São Paulo. The Jânio Quadros tunnel carries mainly light-duty vehicles, whereas the Maria Maluf tunnel carries light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. In the Jânio Quadros tunnel, the estimated light-duty vehicle emission factors for the trace elements copper and bromine were 261 and 220 microg km(-1), respectively, and 16, 197, 127 and 92 mg km(-1), respectively, for black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles. The mean contribution of heavy-duty vehicles to the emissions of black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles was, respectively 29, 4, 6 and 6 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The inhalable particulate matter emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 1.2 times higher than that found during dynamometer testing. In general, the particle emissions in São Paulo tunnels are higher than those found in other cities of the world.

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“…The emission factors of the target VOCs were determined applying CALINE4 dispersion model (Caltrans 1989) in inverse way following the method described by Kawashima et al (2006). CALINE4 was used similarly by Gramotnev et al (2003) for determination of vehicular emission factor of fine particulate matter.…”

Section: Estimation Of Emission Factor Using Caline4 Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The traditional laboratory-based methods like single vehicle dynamometer test do not account for these factors while estimating vehicular emission factor. Kawashima et al (2006) effectively used CALINE4 dispersion model in an inverse way, rather than a source model in order to estimate the real time emission factors of VOCs from individual vehicle.…”

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confidence: 99%

Apportionment of Sources to Determine Vehicular Emission Factors of BTEX in Kolkata, India

Majumdar

Mukherjee²,

Sen

2008

Water Air Soil Pollut

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A yearlong (December 2003 to February 2005 monitoring program was undertaken for urban roadside measurement of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, m-and p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) at three different sites of Kolkata, India. The concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons were found to be sufficiently high. Chemical mass balance model was applied to identify the sources and estimate their percentage contribution. Vehicular exhaust emission was found to be the dominant source of the target compounds and contributed 38.8-44.8% toward total volatile organic compound (VOC) level. Assuming that the vehicular exhaust fraction of the ambient BTEX level was due to the vehicular activity in the adjacent road of the monitoring site, vehicular emission factors for individual VOCs were estimated by running CALINE4 dispersion model in an inverse way. The total emission factor, average for all vehicles, was found to be in the range of 9.1 to 43.1 mg vehicle −1 km −1 for BTEX. From the measured vehicular composition during sampling, the category-wise emission factors for light-duty vehicles (LDVs), medium-duty (MDVs), and heavyduty vehicles (HDVs), were also estimated by constrained nonlinear regression analysis. The emission factor of benzene for heavy, medium, and light vehicles was found to be 13.4, 21.0, and 31.2 mg vehicle −1 km −1 respectively.

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Volatile organic compound emission factors from roadside measurements

Cited by 28 publications

References 19 publications

Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon data from a monitoring station affected by oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas

Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbon data from a monitoring station affected by oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford shale, Texas

Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Apportionment of Sources to Determine Vehicular Emission Factors of BTEX in Kolkata, India

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