Voltage-Current Curves: Application to Membrane Cells

Bergner, D.; Hartmann, M.; Kirsch, Helmut

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1137-6_15

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The model was solved by using the input parameters, which were presented in Table 3. The model run with the same operating conditions as reported previously [12,64,66,67]: 23 wt% NaCl, 32 wt% NaOH and 85 • C. Figure 4 graphically represents the values of the total cell voltage E cell and membrane potential E mem predicted by this model as compared with experimentally measured values [64,66,67] and published model values [12]. It can be observed in Figure 4a that our model shows significantly lower cell voltages than the data of [67].…”

Section: Steady State Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The model run with the same operating conditions as reported previously [12,64,66,67]: 23 wt% NaCl, 32 wt% NaOH and 85 • C. Figure 4 graphically represents the values of the total cell voltage E cell and membrane potential E mem predicted by this model as compared with experimentally measured values [64,66,67] and published model values [12]. It can be observed in Figure 4a that our model shows significantly lower cell voltages than the data of [67]. The reason is that the CA process has significantly developed since 1990 through improved catalysts and membranes, resulting in lower cell potentials.…”

Section: Steady State Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reason is that the CA process has significantly developed since 1990 through improved catalysts and membranes, resulting in lower cell potentials. However, the communication on these lower cell voltages has been limited to dedicated chlor-alkali conferences [67] with no publications in scientific journals. Nevertheless, based on the limited available data, it can still be said that our model is representative of modern chlor-alkali electrolyzers.…”

Section: Steady State Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coupling a Chlor-Alkali Membrane Electrolyzer Cell to a Wind Energy Source: Dynamic Modeling and Simulations

Thummar

Abang

Menzel³

et al. 2022

Energies

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Renewable energy sources are becoming a greater component of the electrical mix, while being significantly more volatile than conventional energy sources. As a result, net stability and availability pose significant challenges. Energy-intensive processes, such as chlor-alkali electrolysis, can potentially adjust their consumption to the available power, which is known as demand side management or demand response. In this study, a dynamic model of a chlor-alkali membrane cell is developed to assess the flexible potential of the membrane cell. Several improvements to previously published models were made, making the model more representative of state-of-the-art CA plants. By coupling the model with a wind power profile, the current and potential level over the course of a day was simulated. The simulation results show that the required ramp rates are within the regular operating possibilities of the plant for most of the time and that the electrolyte concentrations in the cell can be kept at the right level by varying inlet flows and concentrations. This means that a CA plant can indeed be flexibly operated in the future energy system.

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Section: Steady State Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Steady State Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Steady State Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Coupling a Chlor-Alkali Membrane Electrolyzer Cell to a Wind Energy Source: Dynamic Modeling and Simulations

Thummar

Abang

Menzel³

et al. 2022

Energies

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“…The suggested values 4show an unrealistic profile. The model was run with the operating conditions reported by Bergner et al [32] with a typical thickness of 0.29 mm for Nafion N954 [33] and EW = 1100. Our model shows a reasonable match with the experimental values of the membrane potential at 80 °C around 0.51 V at 6 kA m −2 [34] and 0.291 V at 3 kA m −2 [11].…”

Section: Model Validation For Low Current Densitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 5. The experimental data of Bergner et al [32]: NaCl = 18 wt%, NaOH = 33 wt%, temperature = 90 °C, EW = 1100, membrane thickness = 0.29 mm (properties of Nafion N954 [33]). The typical values of membrane potential at 80 °C for current densities of 3.5 kA m −2 and 6 kA m −2 are 0.291 V [11] and 0.51 V [34], respectively All in all one can conclude that the model with the diffusivities presented in this work shows the best fit compared to experimental data.…”

Section: Model Validation For Low Current Densitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maxwell–Stefan model of multicomponent ion transport inside a monolayer Nafion membrane for intensified chlor-alkali electrolysis

et al. 2019

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A mathematical model based on a generalized Maxwell-Stefan equation has been developed to describe multicomponent ion and water transport inside a cation-exchange membrane. This model has been validated using experimental data and has been used to predict concentration profiles, membrane potential drop, and transport numbers of ions and water for the chlor-alkali process at increased current densities. Several improvements have been made to previously developed Maxwell-Stefan models. In our model, the generalized Maxwell-Stefan equation is written in terms of concentration instead of mole fraction and the fixed group (membrane) concentration is assumed to be constant. We have adapted the Augmented matrix method using the built-in partial differential equation parabolic elliptic (pdepe) solver in Matlab®, and both the concentration and the electrical potential gradients have been solved simultaneously. The boundary conditions are determined with the Donnan equilibrium at the membrane-solution interface. We have also employed semi-empirical correlations to define the Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities inside the membrane. For the bulk diffusivities, we applied the correlations for the concentrated solution instead of the values at infinite dilution. With the diffusivities presented in this work, the model shows a better fit to the experimental data than with previously reported fitted diffusivities. Prediction of the sodium transport number and water transport number is generally good, whereas the deviations with regard to membrane potential might also be related to issues with the experimental data. The model predicts an increase in both sodium and water transport numbers at increased current density operation of chlor-alkali production.

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Membrane Chlor-Alkali Process

Burney

1993

Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry

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Voltage-Current Curves: Application to Membrane Cells

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Coupling a Chlor-Alkali Membrane Electrolyzer Cell to a Wind Energy Source: Dynamic Modeling and Simulations

Coupling a Chlor-Alkali Membrane Electrolyzer Cell to a Wind Energy Source: Dynamic Modeling and Simulations

Maxwell–Stefan model of multicomponent ion transport inside a monolayer Nafion membrane for intensified chlor-alkali electrolysis

Membrane Chlor-Alkali Process

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