Voltammetric Protocol for Reliable Determination of a Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor Dipyridamole on a Bare Miniaturized Boron-Doped Diamond Electrochemical Sensor

Abstract

In present paper, a miniaturized boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) was for the first time used as a reliable electrochemical sensor within the novel voltammetric protocol for the rapid and simple determination of dipyridamole (DIP). Cyclic voltammetric studies uncovered that the electrochemical oxidation of DIP was shown to be irreversible and diffusion-controlled process with single and well-developed signal at a potential of +0.45 V in Britton-Robinson buffer at pH 3.0. Using the suitable experimental conditions, the linearity for DIP determination was observed in the concentration ranges of 0.1−5.0 μM and 0.1−6.0 μM with the corresponding limits of detection of 40 nM and 60 nM as well as the intra-day repeatability with relative standard deviation below 5% for differential pulse and square-wave voltammetry, respectively. This protocol was successfully applied to the determination of DIP in pharmaceutical tablets with result in good compliance with that declared by the producer. Biological pertinence of the developed procedure was presented by analysis of model human urine samples with adequate recoveries. The proposed protocol with a miniaturized BDDE could represent an effective and alternative analytical implement for DIP determination instead of commonly used toxic mercury and chemically-modified electrodes in previously published methods.

Design Framework and Sensing System for Noninvasive Wearable Electroactive Drug Monitoring

“…The BDDE response toward DP in different pH conditions within the physiological range of sweat (pH = 5–7) is shown in Figure S7. The observed negative shift of the oxidation peak voltage as a result of pH increase from 5 to 7 can be attributed to the involvement of proton transfer in the electrochemical reaction . In all the pH conditions, the observed oxidation peak voltages were within the undistorted potential window, illustrating the capability of DP quantification by the devised sensing interface.…”

“…The observed negative shift of the oxidation peak voltage as a result of pH increase from 5 to 7 can be attributed to the involvement of proton transfer in the electrochemical reaction. 16 In all the pH conditions, the observed oxidation peak voltages were within the undistorted potential window, illustrating the capability of DP quantification by the devised sensing interface. The decrease of the DP peak current is related to the analyte and electrode surface interaction, informing the need for incorporating an auxiliary pH-sensing interface for sensor response calibration to account for the variation of pH in sweat.…”

“…In this work, first, a framework is presented, which centers on the evaluation and determination of suitable sensing electrodes for voltammetric analysis and characterization of endogenous interferents. Three model drugs, dipyridamole (DP), acetaminophen (APAP), and caffeine (CAFF) were targeted, which can be electrochemically oxidized at low (<0.5 V), medium (0.5–1 V), and high (>1 V) potentials, respectively. − These drugs were selected, in particular, because of their significance in disease treatment and the demonstrated utility of monitoring them for improving patient outcomes. For example, DP is used for the cardiovascular diseases treatment because of its vasodilating and antiplatelet properties, and monitoring of antiplatelet therapies has been demonstrated to be critical for stroke patients. , APAP is a widely used pain reliever and fever reducer with remarkable variation in metabolism, and therapeutic monitoring can help to control the patients’ exposure to its potentially toxic metabolite .…”

Analytical Applications of Electrochemically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes

“…For some analytes, an APT‐BDDE was chosen as the sensor for the analytical application. However, a performance comparison with the analytical response of a CPT‐BDDE is not reported . In most cases, the use of the APT‐BDDE seems like a good option, being considered a successful strategy to prevent the fouling of the electrode.…”

“…However, a performance comparison with the analytical response of a CPT-BDDE is not reported. [196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203] In most cases, the use of the APT-BDDE seems like a good option, being considered a successful strategy to prevent the fouling of the electrode. When melatonin was determined simply using an APT-BDDE, [201] no fouling effects were observed.…”