Voltammetric sensing based on the use of advanced carbonaceous nanomaterials: a review

Abstract

This review (with 210 references) summarizes recent developments in the design of voltammetric chemical sensors and biosensors based on the use of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). It is divided into subsections starting with an introduction into the field and a description of its current state. This is followed by a large section on various types of voltammetric sensors and biosensors using CNMs with subsections on sensors based on the use of carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxides, graphene nanoribbons, fullerenes, ionic liquid composites with CNMs, carbon nanohorns, diamond nanoparticles, carbon dots, carbon nanofibers and mesoporous carbon. The third section gives conclusion and an outlook. Tables are presented on the application of such sensors to voltammetric detection of neurotransmitters, metabolites, dietary minerals, proteins, heavy metals, gaseous molecules, pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, food, beverages, cosmetics, commercial goods and drugs of abuse. The authors also describe advanced approaches for the fabrication of robust functional carbon nano(bio)sensors for voltammetric quantification of multiple targets. Graphical Abstract Featuring execellent electrical, catalytic and surface properies, CNMs have gained enormous attention for designing voltammetric sensors and biosensors. Functionalized CNM-modified electrode interfaces have demonstrated their prominent role in biological, environmental, pharmaceutical, chemical, food and industrial analysis.

Electrochemical detection based on nanomaterials in CE and microfluidic systems

“…Finally, the use of nanomaterials in ED for microfluidics is not just a well stablished strategy but an active and promising research field where new nanomaterials (graphene , carbon felt , carbon dots and nanohorns , 2D‐transition metal dichalcogenides , pnictogen nanosheets , phosphorene , …) has a lot to say. Moreover, other advanced materials such as micro‐ and nanomotors will provide imaginative analytical strategies for electrochemical lab‐on‐a‐chip systems .…”

“…Finally, the use of nanomaterials in ED for microfluidics is not just a well stablished strategy but an active and promising research field where new nanomaterials (graphene [49], carbon felt [50], carbon dots and nanohorns [51], 2Dtransition metal dichalcogenides [9], pnictogen nanosheets [52], phosphorene [10], . .…”

Nano-carbons in biosensor applications: an overview of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes (C60)

“…The hydrophobicity of the fullerene ensures some degree of compatibility in a biological environment. However, the hydrophilicity of the materials in biological media is of greater significance compared to hydrophobicity [27,115,116]. To provide the integration of fullerene into biological environments, the addition of various polar functional groups or molecules into the fullerene core overcomes the almost complete insolubility of the C 60 and at the same time retains the unique natural fullerene properties and achieves reasonable bioavailability [117].…”

The Use of Factorial Design and Simplex Optimization to Improve Analytical Performance of In Situ Film Electrodes

“…Subsequently, an antimony-film electrode was also proposed (SbFE) [ 3 , 4 ], followed by other in situ electrodes. Various modifications of different in situ electrodes have evolved since (some examples are given in references [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]).…”