Vulnerability of Java Sea marine protected areas affected by marine debris

Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPA) is an area that potentially poses stress from outside such as human activities and ocean pollution. One of the global issues that threat ecosystems include MPA is ocean debris. The aim of this paper is to assess vulnerability of MPA based on the trajectory of debris affected by oceanographic condition. Three MPAs were chosen in the Java Sea region including: Seribu Islands National Parks, Biawak Island Conservation Area, and Karimunjawa Islands National Parks. The data provided by The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model surface current and Global Forecast System surface wind were used to determine the trajectory of the debris. We simulate the ocean condition in two monsoons. The results showed that debris floating around the MPAs have a potential of reaching beaches inside the MPAs and have different patterns between the monsoon. Furthermore, in Seribu Islands and Karimunjawa Islands which are designated as National Parks, the debris managed to land in the most crucial zones, Core Zone and Buffer Zone. Modelling of marine debris, such as the one used in this study can be used to inform authorities regarding the landing points of floating debris to create better management decisions in battling global marine debris issues.

Seagrass Connectivity Based on Oceanographic Condition in The Marine Protected Area of Biawak Islands, Indramayu

“…This research focuses on analyzing the particle trajectory of the seagrass seed Enhalus acoroides in Seagrass Connectivity Based on Oceanographic ...... Biawak Islands, Indramayu (Ramadhan, A., et al) the MPA of Biawak Islands, Indramayu. As this MPA located in Java Seas, there are many stress that disturb especially by human activities (Abimanyu et al, 2021;Purba et al, 2020). Furthermore, with the connectivity in the three islands, it will arranged in the marine conservation area of Biawak Islands, Indramayu.…”

Physical Control on Marine Debris Spreading around Muara Gembong, Jakarta Bay

“…The impact caused by marine debris is very complex, and due to the lack of data, it needs to be monitored. Several approaches through models have been used to predict the distribution direction (Eriksen et al, 2013;Purba et al, 2020) or source of marine debris (Handyman et al, 2019a;Van Sebille et al, 2012). This research focused on simulation of debris trajectory influenced by oceanographic parameters, such as ocean current and wind patterns.…”

“…Marine debris, also known as marine waste or ocean garbage, is known as a global issue (Noir Purba et al, 2019). The debris that ended up in Indonesia seas does not only come from its territory, it is also originates from other surrounding countries (Purba et al, 2020). Furthermore, based on previous research, Indonesia had tripled in import tonnages of internationally traded waste (Hurley et al, 2020).…”

Aliphatic polyester biodegradation by coral-associated bacteria from Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Java Sea

“…A city like this produces at least 30% of plastic waste from the total waste dumped into the ocean or an estimated 400,000 tons/year [10,11]. These facts show that plastic waste might be threatened coral reef ecosystem areas especially in marine protected area such as Seribu Islands National Park (Jakarta) and Karimunjawa National Park (North Semarang) [12]. Reichert [9] and Syakti [13] explained that the impact of high exposure plastic (i.e microplastic) tend to be harmful the coral animals such as bleaching and necrosis on coral tissue.…”