Vulnerability to depression: what is the role of stress genes in gene × environment interaction?

El‐Hage, Wissam; Powell, John; Surguladze, Simon

doi:10.1017/s0033291709005236

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…There is evidence for all three routes in the development of depression. Firstly, altered HPA-axis activity and altered cortisol response has been found to be associated with increased risk for developing depression (Burke et al 2005;Cowen 2010;Harkness et al 2011;Luby et al 2004) and altering cognitive processes (El Hage et al 2009;Erickson et al 2003;Huffziger and Kuehner 2009). Furthermore, an interaction between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and stress in the development of depression has been repeatedly reported with a recent meta-analysis of 54 studies showing strong evidence that 5-HTTLPR moderates the relationship between stress and depression, with the 5-HTTLPR s allele associated with an increased risk of developing depression under stress (P = .00002) (Karg et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Victimization in Childhood and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Zwierzynska

Wolke

Lereya

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

236

169

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Traumatic childhood experiences have been found to predict later internalizing problems. This prospective longitudinal study investigated whether repeated and intentional harm doing by peers (peer victimization) in childhood predicts internalizing symptoms in early adolescence. 3692 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), as well as their mothers and teachers, reported on bullying in childhood (7-10 years) and internalizing problems in early adolescence (11-14 years). Controlling for prior psychopathology, family adversity, gender and IQ, being a victim of bullying was associated with higher overall scores, as well as increased odds of scoring in the severe range (>90 th percentile) for emotional and depression symptoms. Victims were also more likely to show persistent depression symptoms over a 2-year period. These associations were found independent of whether mothers, teachers or the children reported on bullying. It is concluded that peer victimization in childhood is a precursor of both short-lived and persistent internalizing symptoms, underlining the importance of environmental factors such as peer relationships in the etiology of internalizing problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Victimization in Childhood and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Zwierzynska

Wolke

Lereya

2012

J Abnorm Child Psychol

236

169

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“…Future longitudinal studies should now aim to validate such an approach and to determine how these risk factors interact with various "stress genes" to increase the risk of depression (Almeida et al, 2009b;El Hage et al, 2009). The use of a well-validated probabilistic matrix will contribute to guide the design of effective preventive measures to decrease the prevalence and incidence of depression in later life.…”

Section: N O D E P R E S S I O N M I N O R D E P R E S S I O N M a J mentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical approach to assess depression risk and to guide risk reduction strategies in later life

Almeida

Alfonso

Pirkis

et al. 2010

Int. Psychogeriatr.

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Background:Many factors have been associated with the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms in later life, although this knowledge is yet to be translated into significant health gains for the population. This study gathered information about common modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for depression with the aim of developing a practical probabilistic model of depression that can be used to guide risk reduction strategies.Methods:A cross-sectional study was undertaken of 20,677 community-dwelling Australians aged 60 years or over in contact with their general practitioner during the preceding 12 months. Prevalent depression (minor or major) according to the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) assessment was the main outcome of interest. Other measured exposures included self-reported age, gender, education, loss of mother or father before age 15 years, physical or sexual abuse before age 15 years, marital status, financial stress, social support, smoking and alcohol use, physical activity, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and prevalent cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases and cancer.Results:The mean age of participants was 71.7 ± 7.6 years and 57.9% were women. Depression was present in 1665 (8.0%) of our subjects. Multivariate logistic regression showed depression was independently associated with age older than 75 years, childhood adverse experiences, adverse lifestyle practices (smoking, risk alcohol use, physical inactivity), intermediate health hazards (obesity, diabetes and hypertension), comorbid medical conditions (clinical history of coronary heart disease, stroke, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or cancers), and social or financial strain. We stratified the exposures to build a matrix that showed that the probability of depression increased progressively with the accumulation of risk factors, from less than 3% for those with no adverse factors to more than 80% for people reporting the maximum number of risk factors.Conclusions:Our probabilistic matrix can be used to estimate depression risk and to guide the introduction of risk reduction strategies. Future studies should now aim to clarify whether interventions designed to mitigate the impact of risk factors can change the prevalence and incidence of depression in later life.

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“…The leading explanation for this variability proposes that genetic variance modulates the effect of stress on the brain (9;10). Indeed, numerous studies have shown that persons with a specific genetic make-up are more prone to develop stress-related mental disorders after experiencing major life events like CA (11)(12)(13). Moreover, recent studies suggest that gene by stress interactions may be involved in inter-individual differences in local brain volume (14) and may also play a role in the onset of several psychiatric disorders, like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression (for review see (15)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BDNF Val66Met genotype modulates the effect of childhood adversity on subgenual anterior cingulate cortex volume in healthy subjects

et al. 2011

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Vulnerability to depression: what is the role of stress genes in gene × environment interaction?

Cited by 50 publications

References 30 publications

Peer Victimization in Childhood and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Peer Victimization in Childhood and Internalizing Problems in Adolescence: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

A practical approach to assess depression risk and to guide risk reduction strategies in later life

BDNF Val66Met genotype modulates the effect of childhood adversity on subgenual anterior cingulate cortex volume in healthy subjects

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