War and Castros: New approaches to the northwestern Portuguese Iron Age

Queiroga, Francisco Manuel Veleda Reimão

doi:10.30861/9781841715636

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…This was associated with a period of settlement retrenchment with open settlements abandoned and an exclusive emphasis on hilltop enclosed sites from the seventh century BC onwards. Queiroga's (1992) analysis of calibrated radiocarbon dates supports this conclusion, whilst demonstrating a strong pattern of continuity of occupation at the castro sites.…”

Section: Roman Interaction In North-western Iberiasupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Classical authors also emphasize the war-like and nomadic character of the peoples of this region (Strabo, III, 3-7; Diodorus Siculus, V, 34), although we should be cautious in accepting their views which arguably repeat a stereotype of those who lived in remote and mountainous areas (Patterson 1991, 178). As Martins (1997) and Queiroga (1992) have demonstrated, characterizing the area as agriculturally poor and backward is certainly not consistent with the archaeological evidence. Indeed, fieldwork in the Ave Valley Survey has revealed a very high density of valley bottom settlement sites of both the Iron Age and Roman periods (4.92 Iron Age sites-per-km 2 ; 8.42 Roman sites-per-km 2 - Millett et al 2000, table 7.2).…”

Section: Roman Interaction In North-western Iberiamentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Although some of these probably date to the Roman period, the genre certainly appears to be indigenous (Figures 3 and 4). The importance of warrior display is also suggested by finds of various classes of warrior equipment from the same general region (Queiroga 1992, fig. 59).…”

Section: Roman Interaction In North-western Iberiamentioning

confidence: 97%

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Roman Interaction in North‐Western Iberia

Millett

2001

Oxford J Archaeology

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The Iron Age in the North-West of Iberia is characterized by settlement patterns in which small hilltop enclosures or castros were dominant. Recent field-survey work has revealed more about the distribution of rural settlement sites in part of this area, and an analysis has been made of the pattern of rural site distributions in relation to the castros. This confirms the continued focal role of castros into the Roman period. An explanation for the settlement pattern in this region and the absence of typically Roman features like developed villas is sought in the nature and extent of Roman military recruitment from the region. 1

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Section: Roman Interaction In North-western Iberiasupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Roman Interaction In North-western Iberiamentioning

confidence: 93%

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Roman Interaction in North‐Western Iberia

Millett

2001

Oxford J Archaeology

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“…Castelo de Matos (Baião, Portugal) -Open-air settlement or ceremonial place with a Late Bronze Age occupation ranging from the 10th to the 8th centuries cal BC ( Table 2). One of the radiocarbon dates was obtained over a grape pip (Queiroga, 1992). The site provided a circular gray floor and a wood palisade (Queiroga and Figueiral, 1989;Queiroga, 1992).…”

Section: Late Bronze Agementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the radiocarbon dates was obtained over a grape pip (Queiroga, 1992). The site provided a circular gray floor and a wood palisade (Queiroga and Figueiral, 1989;Queiroga, 1992).…”

Section: Late Bronze Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Agriculture in NW Iberia during the Bronze Age: A review of archaeobotanical data

Tereso

Bettencourt

Rego³

et al. 2016

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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The wide and diverse array of palaeoenvironmental studies that were carried out in Northwestern Iberia indicate that the Bronze Age corresponds to a phase of great landscape changes. Strong deforestation and erosion episodes are key-features and they are usually assumed to be anthropogenic. The archaeological and archaeobotanical records demonstrate that these trends are coincident with modifications on settlement pattern and agricultural systems. This work consists on a thorough revision of carpological data from 19 Bronze Age sites in order to understand agricultural practices in the region in this time period. Results reveal the increasing relevance of Panicum miliaceum and decreasing presence of naked barley which contrast with the previous periods. Carpological remains are not available in Early Bronze Age sites. Middle Bronze Age crops include naked and hulled forms of barley (Hordeum spp.) and wheat (Triticum spp.). Only one site provided occasional grains of Panicum miliaceum. Non-cereal crops are rare and comprise Linum, Papaver, Pisum sativum and Vicia faba. Still, there are few Middle Bronze Age sites with crop macroremains. Late Bronze Age sites with carpological remains of crops are more abundant but no new crop is added. This is the phase when Panicum miliaceum became a conspicuous crop in regional agricultural strategies. Overall, a small diversity of pulses is recorded throughout the Bronze Age, contrasting with other Iberian regions. Acorns (Quercus) are the only wild fruits consistently present in the archaeological sites and they probably had some relevance within the regional subsistence. It was possible to detect changes on settlement and agricultural levels and suggest how these are related to environmental and social changes. It is argued that agricultural productivity increased and pits were the main storage facilities used by Bronze Age communities. Although these structures are abundant in several sites, caution is needed while interpreting them and their fills. Only in one site -Freixo -remains of crops were found in primary deposition in a storage pit. Increasing agricultural productivity, including functionally diverse winter and spring crops seems to have been connected to settlement diversification. This trend may have led to a more complementary and profuse use of local resources, enhancing the anthropogenic changes in the landscape mentioned above. This was a further step in the territorialisation process that would eventually lead to the complex scenario recorded in the Iron Age.

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A glimpse into the viticulture of Roman Lusitania: morphometric analysis of charred grape pips from Torre dos Namorados, Portugal

Coradeschi

Ucchesu

Dias

et al. 2023

Veget Hist Archaeobot

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The Roman site of Torre dos Namorados (Fundão, Beiras region, central Portugal) is a rare find, identified as a Roman vicus (village), with evidence of making wine and olive oil. During the archaeological campaigns of 2006-2007 a rectangular Roman lacus musti (must, grape juice, settling vat) was found, built with tegulae (tiles) and bricks, and containing thousands of charred grape pips and skins. By using a stepwise linear discriminant analysis method (LDA), a morphological comparison was made of these archaeological grape pips and with a reference collection of modern pips, both from cultivated Portuguese varieties of Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera and from wild vines of Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris, to study similarities between them. The modern grape pips were charred in order to obtain suitable material to compare with the archaeological pips. The statistical analysis showed a clear association between the archaeological grape pips and wild grapes, suggesting that these were used for making wine in Roman times. The data presented here represent the first systematic study of Roman viticulture in the Lusitanian province of Iberia.

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War and Castros: New approaches to the northwestern Portuguese Iron Age

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Roman Interaction in North‐Western Iberia

Roman Interaction in North‐Western Iberia

Agriculture in NW Iberia during the Bronze Age: A review of archaeobotanical data

A glimpse into the viticulture of Roman Lusitania: morphometric analysis of charred grape pips from Torre dos Namorados, Portugal

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