Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges

Potential Uses of Treated Municipal Wastewater in a Semiarid Region of Mexico

“…This scenario presents more relevant challenges: (a) the geographic position of the three WWTP is not well situated for an efficient distribution of treated water to urban areas; then, it is necessary to implement a distribution strategy including pipelines and even tanker trucks, (b) the treated water quality of the RAMP is not suitable for this application, advanced treatment should be implemented to reach a good water quality, (c) the implementation of new distribution pipelines could require long time and cause lot of disturbances on the cities circulation, and (d) maybe the most limiting challenge is the required investment, which is very high. These challenges agree the reported in related studies [7,15,18,19]. Besides, if all the produced wastewater was collected, the WWTP would be close to its maximal operation condition.…”

“…On the other hand, people from Qatar are working on the implementation of processes to improve treated wastewater quality for applications such as irrigation, district cooling and domestic purposes [17]. An analysis of the challenges and opportunities for reusing treated wastewater in Turkey was reported [18]; the authors found that agriculture and urbanization (including watering of green areas) are some of the main applications in that country, and that the challenges to overcome are related to social acceptance, lack of framework of guidelines for safe treated wastewater reuse and human health risks. Besides, China is encouraging wastewater reuse in its water management strategies [7]; the main identified challenges are focused on increasing the pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, redefining water quality requirements, increasing the market of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.…”

A Review of Wastewater Treatment using Natural Material and Its Potential as Aid and Composite Coagulant

“…As the population grow, there is always an exciting need to keep developing the remedial action according to present and future problems. The grant funded by government give the opportunity to have ongoing collaboration research between higher education, academic institutes and professional sectors to come out with implementable solutions (Maryam & Büyükgüngör 2017). According to the United Nations' prediction as stated by Goh and Ismail (2018), particularly half of the countries around the globe in future will confront with water stress and shortages.…”

“…For instance, most of wastewater from Mexico City is utilized for irrigation districts, especially the Tula Valley (Corcoran et al 2010). Wastewater reiteration in agriculture can perk the farmers in many ways such as conserving fresh water resources and balancing economic efficiency (Maryam & Büyükgüngör 2017).…”

Wastewater Chlorination for Reuse, an Alternative for Small Communities

“…Reuse of wastewater has become a trend in effluent treatment centers (ETC) because of increased water demand, pollution, and limitation of water resources (Bixio et al, 2005;Maryam and B¨uy¨ukg¨ung¨or, 2017;Salgot, 2008). Wastewater can be reused for potable or nonpotable purposes.…”