Wastewater Treatment from Batik Industries Using TiO2 Nanoparticles

Sustainability of Batik wastewater quality management strategies: analytical hierarchy process

“…From UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2009, Batik has already recognized be one of the most valuable national and cultural treasures in Indonesia (Ismail et al 2012;Mafira et al 2017;Sutisna et al 2017;Arifan et al 2018;Kridarso 2018). In addition, it represents an oral and intangible cultural heritage (Malik et al 2018).…”

“…Therefore, ensuring the sustainability of batik production is the responsibility of all levels of Indonesian society. In Indonesia, batik represents a local culture of patterned fabric (Sutisna et al 2017;Arifan et al 2018), which has an impact on national development (Rahmadyanti et al 2017) and is currently developing into the batik industry (Pratiwi et al 2017). Batik industry has already become one of the biggest textile industries in Southeast Asia scope (Rashidi et al 2015).…”

“…Although the batik industry in Indonesia has had some positive impact on the growth of the national economy, it has also had some negative environmental impact, largely due to the resulting water scarcity associated with inefficient water use and pollution from batik waste. Batik small and medium enterprises (SMEs) not only generate wastewater in large quantities, but also high quantities of chromium used in the coloring process, which pollute aquatic environments (Sutisna et al 2017;Arifan et al 2018;Mukimin et al 2018;Tambunan et al 2018), degrade ecological environment (Sirait 2018) and pose public health risks (Soni and Mishra 2017;Mukimin et al 2018). Overall, the batik industries could affect the environment due to production processes such as coloring, wax coating and immersion, which generated a lot of wastewater (Rahmadyanti et al 2017).…”

“…Batik industrial wastewater usually contains a lot of organic compounds, suspended solids, ammonia, or other pollutants at high concentrations (Vymazal 2014). In addition, wastewater that produced from batik industries activities contains some synthetic compounds and it is not easy to degrade, for example, are heavy metals material, suspended solids material, and some kind of organic compounds (Sutisna et al 2017;Arifan et al 2018). The chemicals used in the dyeing process and in manufacturing motifs (dye, wax, alum sulfate and starch) could also negatively affect the chemical characteristics of wastewater produced by the batik industry (Mukimin et al 2018).…”

“…The application of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles could decrease COD, BOD and (total suspended solids) TSS concentrations in wastewater via photodegradation (Arifan et al 2018). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is usually used to determinate the number of organic load in the wastewater sample.…”