Water disputes in the Ecuadorian context up to the Third Millennium: no State, no market, no common property. The transition of Santa Rosa (Tungurahua province)

Legal pluralism and unofficial law in Lebanon: evolution and sustainable development of water

“…When people build their livelihoods around water, they create relationships of collaboration and control to manage systems and build their negotiating power (Vincent, 2002). Collaboration, instead of competition, is their only way to survive and secure water rights and is a form of local, 'contractual reciprocity', aimed at sustaining and reproducing local water management systems as well as the households and communities that depend on them (Boelens & Doornbos, 2001;Ruf & Mathieu, 2001;Mayer, 2002). At the World Water Forum held in 2003 in Kyoto, Japan, an indigenous peoples' water declaration avowed the traditional practices as dynamically regulated systems because they are based on natural and spiritual laws that ensured sustainable use through traditional resource conservation (WWF, 2003).…”

Territorial Coalitions and Rural Dynamics in Ecuador. Why History Matters

“…The number of estates controlled by the five largest landowning families in the territory decreased from 64 in the 1860s to 14 in 1930 (Marchán & Andrade, 1986; as cited in Ibarra, 1987, p. 41). From early on, small and mid-size farmers also had access to irrigation water, because some landowners and merchants built irrigation systems so they could divide and sell their land at a higher price (Metais, 2000;Nú ñ ez & Vega, 1992;Ruf, 2001Ruf, , 2006. The key element in this evolution, which has been rather infrequent in Ecuador's agrarian history, is that while the process of redistribution of land and access to water was occurring, a system of rural markets expanded throughout the territory.…”

Informal Irrigation in the Colombian Andes: Local Practices, National Agendas, and Options for Innovation

“…Because informal irrigation is widely distributed around the world, it has been evidenced (but not necessarily studied) in a variety of other contexts-for example, relating to systems that use wastewater irrigation (Huibers et al 2004;Rutkowski et al 2007;Raschid-Sally 2010). It is sometimes called by other names: small irrigation (Palerm-Viqueira 2006); out-of-the-system irrigation, called arrimantes by Zimmerer (2010), and hors casiers by Brondeau (2004); unplanned irrigation; farmers' irrigation (Kumar et al 2006;Nabahungu and Visser 2011); and, the most common term in the case of the Andean countries, indigenous or peasant irrigation (Coward 1977;Norman 1997;Perreault et al 1998;Watson et al 1998;Bebbington 1999;Ruf and Mathieu 2001;Herrmann 2002;Trawick 2003;Boelens 2009).…”