Résumé -Au cours des années 1980, la théorie du despotisme oriental de Wittfogel était toujours en vogue pour expliquer le développement hydraulique. Dans ces mêmes années, sous l'influence des néolibéraux, l'idée émerge de cesser les lourdes planifications des systèmes hydrauliques et de faire de l'eau une marchandise. Le point symbolique de cette rupture se situe à la conférence sur l'eau à Dublin en 1992. Or, cette même année, Elinor Ostrom part à contre-courant des théories dominantes sur le développement de l'irrigation. Pour montrer l'apport et les limites d'Ostrom, nous avons étudié et comparé les principes qui fondent les trois théories de l'organisation sociale, économique et politique de l'irrigation. Dans ce face-à-face triangulaire, Ostrom donne des clés utiles à l'analyse des conflits actuels au XXI e siècle. De ce foisonnement théorique, une pratique de recherche-action est possible pour résoudre les conflits actuels sur les ressources en eau.
Keywords:water; irrigation; institution; rural societies; commons; State; privatisation Abstract -Is the crafting of self-governing irrigation institutions in the XXth century following Elinor Ostrom's principles still relevant in 2010? In the 1980s, Wittfogel's theory of Oriental despotism continued to provide a popular explanation for hydraulic development. In these same years, under influence of neoliberalism, there emerged the idea to put a halt to heavy planning of hydraulic systems and make water into a market commodity. The 1992 Dublin Conference on Water and the Environment is the symbolic moment of this turnabout. In the same year, however, Elinor Ostrom took an alternative stance to the prevailing theories on the development of irrigation. To highlight Ostrom's contribution and its limits, we studied and compared the principles which underlie the three theories of the social, economic and political organisation of irrigation. In this triangular confrontation, Ostrom contributes several useful keys to analyze on-going conflicts in the 21st century. Out of this theoretical profusion, there can emerge a practice of action-research to solve current conflicts on water resources.
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