Water softening behaviour of sand materials—Mimicking natural zeolites in some locations of Rameswaram Island, India

Sivasankar, V.; Ramachandramoorthy, T.

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.03.032

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…NCP sample has two absorption peaks in the ultraviolet region at wavelengths of 219 and 249 nm. These absorption bands are in good agreement with literature [23] which confirms that zeolites usually have substantial intrinsic absorption at λ o350 nm. These absorption bands can originate from the charge transfer from O 2 À to Al 3 þ in zeolite framework [27].…”

Section: Drs Studiessupporting

confidence: 91%

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of nickel oxide supported on clinoptilolite nanoparticles for the photodegradation of aqueous cephalexin

Ajoudanian

Nezamzadeh‐Ejhieh

2015

Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing

123

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Section: Drs Studiessupporting

confidence: 91%

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of nickel oxide supported on clinoptilolite nanoparticles for the photodegradation of aqueous cephalexin

Ajoudanian

Nezamzadeh‐Ejhieh

2015

Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing

123

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“…Natural zeolites are crystalline microporous minerals with a well-defined open framework structure, consisting of a threedimensional network of SiO 2 and Al 3 O 4 tetrahedra linked together by common oxygen atoms. The mobile non-framework cations are located in cavities and wander inside the hexagonal channel walls within the structure and so natural zeolites possess valuable physicochemical properties, such as high cation exchange and sorption capacities (Sivasankar and Ramachandramoorthy, 2011;Loiola et al, 2012).…”

Section: Hardness Of Recycled Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, to attain a high sodium form of the exchangeable surface ions, the cleaned zeolites were then conditioned with a saturated sodium chloride solution (360 g/L) in flasks under a magnetic stirring thermostatic water bath at 50-60°C for 24 h. By this means, higher adsorption capacity of modified zeolites can be obtained (Inglezakis, 2005;Sivasankar and Ramachandramoorthy, 2011;Lin et al, 2013). The treated zeolites were finally rewashed three times with deionised water to remove excessive sodium chloride deposited on the particle surface and then dried at 105°C for 2 h. The dried zeolites (around 1.6 kg) were packed in the column.…”

Section: Pre-conditioning Of Natural Zeolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new optional recycled water pre-treatment system prior to use in the household laundry

Chen

Ngo

Guo

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

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With a constantly growing population, water scarcity becomes the limiting factor for further social and economic growth. To achieve a partial reduction in current freshwater demands and lessen the environmental loadings, an increasing trend in the water market tends to adopt recycled water for household laundries as a new recycled water application. The installation of a small pre-treatment unit for water purification can not only further improve the recycled water quality, but also be viable to enhance the public confidence and acceptance level on recycled water consumption. Specifically, this paper describes column experiments conducted using a 550 mm length bed of zeolite media as a one-dimensional flow reactor. The results show that the zeolite filter system could be a simple low-cost pre-treatment option which is able to significantly reduce the total hardness level of recycled water via effective ion exchange. Additionally, depending on the quality of recycled water required by end users, a new by-pass controller using a three-level operation switching mechanism is introduced. This approach provides householders sufficient flexibility to respond to different levels of desired recycled water quality and increase the reliability of long-term system operation. These findings could be beneficial to the smooth implementation of new end uses and expansion of the potential recycled water market. The information could also offer sound suggestions for future research on sustainable water management and governance.

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“…On the other hand, total hardness (TH) causes scaling of hot water pipes, boilers and appliances (Rodier, 2009). A maximum acceptable concentration is not set due to the public tolerance towards hardness and can vary considerably depending on local conditions (Sivasankar and Ramachandramoorthy, 2011). Water with hardness content greater than 200 mg/L CaCO3 is considered "mediocre" even if it is tolerated by consumers; waters with hardness greater than 500 mg/L CaCO3 are unacceptable for the most domestic purposes (Rodier, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining lime softening with alum coagulation for hard Ghrib dam water conventional treatment

Ghernaout¹

2018

Int. j. adv. appl. sci.

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This work aims to control the efficiency of water softening as an inherent phenomenon in the coagulation process or, in other words, to evaluate the softening process as a secondary reaction which is producing simultaneously with the main reaction as the coagulation process. Ghrib Dam water is wellknown for its high hardness ranging from 750 to 900 mg/L as CaCO3. That is, this water is unpleasant to the domestic consumption. Conventional water treatment at the Ghrib Station is based on coagulation using aluminum sulfate [Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O] (alum) as a single coagulant. Alum has a minimal effect on the total hardness and its human toxicity is not yet doubtful. This research introduces the concept of the replacement of alum by lime and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in coagulation process at the Ghrib Station. Coagulation experiments on jar test using the three reagents (alum, lime, and NaOH) are performed and physicochemical analyses are conducted to evaluate the possibility of alum partial or total replacement for improving the treatment effectiveness in hardness reducing. The obtained results show that hardness is decreased at its half by combining simultaneously the three chemical products: alum = 15, lime = 100, NaOH = 100 mg/L. Additional survey is required to examine the complicated interaction in the Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ -DOM-Al ternary system to comprehensively define the contributions of the two mechanisms -lime softening and coagulation -to organic matter removal by coagulation.

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Water softening behaviour of sand materials—Mimicking natural zeolites in some locations of Rameswaram Island, India

Cited by 18 publications

References 48 publications

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of nickel oxide supported on clinoptilolite nanoparticles for the photodegradation of aqueous cephalexin

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of nickel oxide supported on clinoptilolite nanoparticles for the photodegradation of aqueous cephalexin

A new optional recycled water pre-treatment system prior to use in the household laundry

Combining lime softening with alum coagulation for hard Ghrib dam water conventional treatment

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