Waterborne microbial risk assessment : a population-based dose-response function for Giardia spp. (E.MI.R.A study)

Zmirou‐Navier, Denis; Gofti-Laroche, Leila; Hartemann, P.

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-122

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…However, this is unsupported, since many long-term infections are suspected to represent either persisting abdominal symptoms elicited post-Giardia infection or reinfections (176,196,484). The fecal-oral route still remains the most important mode of infection (33), and various studies have found evidence of zoonotic transmission (89,118,237).…”

Section: Giardia Intestinalismentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY Several enteric protozoa cause severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals worldwide. In developed settings, enteric protozoa are often ignored as a cause of diarrheal illness due to better hygiene conditions, and as such, very little effort is used toward laboratory diagnosis. Although these protozoa contribute to the high burden of infectious diseases, estimates of their true prevalence are sometimes affected by the lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques to detect them in clinical and environmental specimens. Despite recent advances in the epidemiology, molecular biology, and treatment of protozoan illnesses, gaps in knowledge still exist, requiring further research. There is evidence that climate-related changes will contribute to their burden due to displacement of ecosystems and human and animal populations, increases in atmospheric temperature, flooding and other environmental conditions suitable for transmission, and the need for the reuse of alternative water sources to meet growing population needs. This review discusses the common enteric protozoa from a public health perspective, highlighting their epidemiology, modes of transmission, prevention, and control. It also discusses the potential impact of climate changes on their epidemiology and the issues surrounding waterborne transmission and suggests a multidisciplinary approach to their prevention and control.

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Section: Giardia Intestinalismentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective

et al. 2012

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“…The parameter b i represents the site-dependent rate of exposure to contaminated water, and f(B i ) is the probability of becoming infected because of the exposure to a concentra-tion B i of pathogens. The dose-response function f (B i ) (Zmirou-Navier et al 2006) usually saturates for high pathogen concentrations. Beta-Poisson, exponential, and hyperbolic are the most-used models.…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Explicit Conditions for Waterborne Pathogen Invasion

Gatto

Mari

Bertuzzo

et al. 2013

The American Naturalist

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Waterborne pathogens cause many possibly lethal human diseases. We derive the condition for pathogen invasion and subsequent disease outbreak in a territory with specific, space-inhomogeneous characteristics (hydrological, ecological, demographic, and epidemiological). The criterion relies on a spatially explicit model accounting for the density of susceptible and infected individuals and the pathogen concentration in a network of communities linked by human mobility and the water system. Pathogen invasion requires that a dimensionless parameter, the dominant eigenvalue of a generalized reproductive matrix J 0 , be larger than unity. Conditions for invasion are studied while crucial parameters (population density distribution, contact and water contamination rates, pathogen growth rates) and the characteristics of the networks (connectivity, directional transport, water retention times, mobility patterns) are varied. We analyze both simple, prototypical test cases and realistic landscapes, in which optimal channel networks mimic the water systems and gravitational models describe human mobility. Also, we show that the dominant eigenvector of J 0 effectively portrays the geography of epidemic outbreaks, that is, the areas of the studied territory that will be initially affected by an epidemic. This is important for planning an efficient spatial allocation of interventions (e.g., improving sanitation and providing emergency aid and medicines).

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“…Data from SCADA systems allow for the detailed investigation of events through the analysis of the distributed monitoring data and reporting of control actions. fold) discrepancies between advanced inactivation models (Zhang et al 2006;Brosé us et al 2006). Major issues with treatment models which remain unresolved include: (1) the lack of established validation with inactivation/treatment data from full-scale plants which include actual operational data (SCADA); (2) the inability of these models to fully take into account the impact of water quality (Mysore et al 2003;Hijnen et al 2004;Barbeau et al 2004Barbeau et al , 2005 and the initial pathogen concentration (Haas & Kaymak 2002.…”

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confidence: 99%

Including operational data in QMRA model: development and impact of model inputs

Jaidi

Barbeau

Carrière

et al. 2008

Journal of Water and Health

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A Monte Carlo model, based on the Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis approach (QMRA), has been developed to assess the relative risks of infection associated with the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water. The impact of various approaches for modelling the initial parameters of the model on the final risk assessments is evaluated. The Monte Carlo simulations that we performed showed that the occurrence of parasites in raw water was best described by a mixed distribution: log-Normal for concentrations . detection limit (DL), and a uniform distribution for concentrations , DL. The selection of process performance distributions for modelling the performance of treatment (filtration and ozonation) influences the estimated risks significantly. The mean annual risks for conventional treatment are: 1.97E 2 03 (removal credit adjusted by log parasite ¼ log spores), 1.58E 2 05 (log parasite ¼ 1.7 £ log spores) or 9.33E 2 03 (regulatory credits based on the turbidity measurement in filtered water). Using full scale validated SCADA data, the simplified calculation of CT performed at the plant was shown to largely underestimate the risk relative to a more detailed CT calculation, which takes into consideration the downtime and system failure events identified at the plant (1.46E 2 03 vs. 3.93E 2 02 for the mean risk).

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Waterborne microbial risk assessment : a population-based dose-response function for Giardia spp. (E.MI.R.A study)

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective

Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: a Public Health Perspective

Spatially Explicit Conditions for Waterborne Pathogen Invasion

Including operational data in QMRA model: development and impact of model inputs

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