Waterborne typhoid fever in Dade County, Florida

Hoffman, Thomas A.; Ruiz, Carlos Jiménez; Counts, George W.; Sachs, Joseph M.; Nitzkin, Joel L.

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(75)90255-7

Cited by 84 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Faget’s sign (relative bradycardia in the presence of fever) occurs in less than half of patients and is not specific for enteric fever. Rose spots—a salmon-colored maculopapular eruption typically on the trunk—are seen in less than 30% of cases in most series [21], and are similarly not pathognomonic [26]. Laboratory abnormalities are also non-specific.…”

Section: Available Diagnostic Approaches For Enteric Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions

Andrews

Ryan

2015

Vaccine

121

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Invasive Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi or Paratyphi A, B, C, or invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, is an immensely important disease cluster for which reliable, rapid diagnostic tests are not available. Blood culture remains the gold standard but is insensitive, slow, and resource-intensive. Existing molecular diagnostics have poor sensitivity due to the low organism burden in bodily fluids. Commercially available serologic tests for typhoidal Salmonella have had limited sensitivity and specificity. In high burden, resource-limited settings, reliance on clinical diagnosis or inaccurate tests often results in frequent, unnecessary treatment, which contributes selective pressure for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This practice also results in inadequate therapy for other etiologies of acute febrile illnesses, including leptospirosis and rickettsial infections. A number of novel serologic, molecular, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to diagnostics are under development. Target product profiles that outline specific needs may focus development and investment, and establish benchmarks for accuracy, cost, speed, and portability of new diagnostics. Of note, a critical barrier to diagnostic assay rollout will be the low cost and low perceived harm of empiric therapy on behalf of providers and patients, which leaves few perceived incentives to utilize diagnostics. Approaches that align incentives with societal goals of limiting inappropriate antimicrobial use, such as subsidizing diagnostics, may be essential for stimulating development and uptake of such assays in resource-limited settings. New diagnostics for invasive Salmonellosis should be developed and deployed alongside diagnostics for alternative etiologies of acute febrile illnesses to improve targeted use of antibiotics.

show abstract

Section: Available Diagnostic Approaches For Enteric Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most patients have normal leukocyte counts, though leukopenia is present in a minority. Mild increases in hepatic transaminases, creatine kinase and lactic acid dehydrogenase have been reported but are also common to other infections in the differential diagnosis [19,21]. While S .…”

Section: Available Diagnostic Approaches For Enteric Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions

Andrews

Ryan

2015

Vaccine

121

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Such individuals comprise about 1–6% of the total infected population [19,24] acting as reservoirs, and restricting the pathogen within the human populations. Previous studies have established that the successive progression of host-adapted Salmonella species has led to an increased virulence because of their association with the host along with increased invasiveness and long-term persistence [51,52]. The virulence factors essential for long-term persistence of the pathogen in their respective hosts are therefore likely to be important for its evolutionary success.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Typhimurium TTSS-2 deficient mig-14 mutant shows attenuation in immunocompromised mice and offers protection against wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium infection

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundDevelopment of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) live attenuated vaccine carrier strain to prevent enteric infections has been a subject of intensive study. Several mutants of S. Typhimurium have been proposed as an effective live attenuated vaccine strain. Unfortunately, many such mutant strains failed to successfully complete the clinical trials as they were suboptimal in delivering effective safety and immunogenicity. However, it remained unclear, whether the existing live attenuated S. Typhimurium strains can further be attenuated with improved safety and immune efficacy or not.ResultsWe deleted a specific non-SPI (Salmonella Pathogenicity Island) encoded virulence factor mig-14 (an antimicrobial peptide resistant protein) in ssaV deficient S. Typhimurium strain. The ssaV is an important SPI-II gene involved in Salmonella replication in macrophages and its mutant strain is considered as a potential live attenuated strain. However, fatal systemic infection was previously reported in immunocompromised mice like Nos2−/− and Il-10−/− when infected with ssaV deficient S. Typhimurium. Here we reported that attenuation of S. Typhimurium ssaV mutant in immunocompromised mice can further be improved by introducing additional deletion of gene mig-14. The ssaV, mig-14 double mutant was as efficient as ssaV mutant, with respect to host colonization and eliciting Salmonella-specific mucosal sIgA and serum IgG response in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, this double mutant did not show any systemic infection in immunocompromised mice.ConclusionsThis study suggests that ssaV, mig-14 double mutant strain can be effectively used as a potential vaccine candidate even in immunocompromised mice. Such attenuated vaccine strain could possibly used for expression of heterologous antigens and thus for development of a polyvalent vaccine strain.

show abstract

“…Encephalopathy, coma, meningitis, transient Parkinsonism, motor neurone disorder, seizure, cerebellitis, peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported to accompany typhoid fever [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Encephalopathy with Seizure and Frontal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity

Uysal

Karademir²,

Toprak

et al. 2001

Infection

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with frequent convulsions. Subsequently she developed a toxic look, rigidity, confusion and severe encephalopathy. Salmonella typhii was isolated from the blood cultures and she was diagnosed with Salmonella encephalopathy. The prominent electrophysiological finding was the frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) in electroencephalograph (EEG). After treatment EEG revealed normal activity. The presence of FIRDA is not a specific finding but this kind of EEG change has not been reported before. Diffuse encephalopathy due to endotoxins might be the reason. We propose that S. typhii encephalopathy was the cause of FIRDA which is a sign of diffuse encephalopathy.

show abstract

Waterborne typhoid fever in Dade County, Florida

Cited by 84 publications

References 20 publications

Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions

Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions

Salmonella Typhimurium TTSS-2 deficient mig-14 mutant shows attenuation in immunocompromised mice and offers protection against wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium infection

Salmonella Encephalopathy with Seizure and Frontal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta Activity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About