Wax adsorption at paraffin oil–water interface stabilized by Span80

An investigation on gas hydrate formation and slurry viscosity in the presence of wax crystals

“…As shown in Figure , the distribution of wax crystals in the oil phase leads to a decrease of oil‐water interface surface area for hydrate nucleation. Meanwhile, the three‐dimensional (3‐D) spatial reticular structures of the precipitated wax crystals weaken the efficiency of mass transfer for hydrate formation . The weakening of the inhibitive effect of wax crystals on hydrate nucleation with the increasing of wax content is caused by the increasing nucleation sites provided by much more wax crystals …”

“…It indicates that the presence of wax crystals mainly inhibits hydrate nucleation, and the inhibitive effect will be weakened to some extent with the increase of wax content. This is because of the adsorption of the precipitated wax crystals on the surfaces of water droplets in the emulsions, which is probably resulted from the presence of surfactant Span 20 being as one constituent part of AA . As shown in Figure , the distribution of wax crystals in the oil phase leads to a decrease of oil‐water interface surface area for hydrate nucleation.…”

“…The viscosity of mineral oil LP14 with wax crystals increases with the increase of wax content because of the presence wax crystals dispersed in the continuous liquid phase to form the 3‐D spatial reticular structures. Second, wax crystals adsorbed on the surface of water droplets will enhance the agglomeration among wax crystals, water droplets, and hydrate particles to form complex aggregates . The presence of complex aggregates in the slurry is another important reason for the fluid viscosity increase.…”

Advances in coupling thermodynamics and kinetics studies of wax precipitation-deposition and hydrate nucleation-formation

“…而根据Mohammadi等人 [22] [115,116] , 另一方面蜡晶的存在影响了气体在油 相的扩散和溶解, 使得水合物生成所需的诱导时间 增大; 但是同时, 含蜡量的增加为水合物结晶成核提 供更多晶核 [26,117] , 因此又会从某种程度上使水合物 结晶受抑制情况被减弱.…”

Paraffin Problem Treating Along the Flowline (Study Case: From Wellhead “X” to the Separator”)

“…Freezing point is a temperature below the pour point, where the oil can not fly or with another word freeze. Oil temperature along the flowline can be calculated with Karge method as (Ma et al, 2017;Arnold et al, 1986): The Effect of Pressure Drop Fluid inside the pipe will flow if the pressure drop is less than the initial pressure. Oil is a nonnewtonian fluid, which explains that oil will be flowing if the pressure is beyond a certain pressure limit.…”