Weed Infestation and Health of Organically Grown Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) Depending on Selected Foliar Sprays and Row Spacing

Abstract

Chamomile is a herbal plant of very high economic importance worldwide. Its organically grown raw material is particularly valuable. Under organic farming conditions, weeds and fungal diseases are an important problem in a chamomile plantation. Seeking agronomic solutions designed to eliminate the occurrence of these pathogens in chamomile crops is constantly valid. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of some foliar sprays (enhancing the condition of the crop plant and its competition against pathogens) and different row spacing of two chamomile cultivars on weed infestation and health of a chamomile plantation. The study results presented in this paper were collected from field experiments carried out in the organic system in the village of Dys (the central Lublin region, Poland) over the period 2014–2016. Experiments were conducted on podzolic soil (class III) as a split-block design in 3 replicates in plots with an area of 525 m2 (6.25 m2 a single plot). This study included two chamomile cultivars (“Złoty Łan”, “Mastar”). The second experimental factor was single or double foliar application of three bioproducts (Herbagreen Basic, Bio-algeen, Effective Microorganisms—EM Farming). The other experimental factor was a different row spacing of chamomile (40 cm and 30 cm). The obtained study results show that 10–16 annual weed species and 1–3 perennial species occurred in both chamomile cultivars. Foliar application of the bioproducts contributed to a reduction in the total number of weeds in the crop, but at the same time to greater weed species diversity. In the control treatments (without the bioproducts), the dominance of several weed species (Viola arvensis, Galeopsis tetrahit, Spergula arvensis, Juncus bufonius, Scleranthus annuus) and lower biodiversity of the weed flora were observed. The largest reduction (by about 20%) in the number of annual weeds was found under the influence of the bioproducts Herbagreen Basic and Bio-algeen applied once. Bio-algeen and Effective Microorganisms (EM), in turn, had a significant effect on decreasing the weed weight. A narrower (30 cm) row spacing of chamomile had a significant impact on reducing the weight of weeds in chamomile crops compared to the wider spacing, which was 40 cm. It should be concluded that infection of the chamomile plantation with fungal diseases was overall at a low level. Significantly higher infection with fungal diseases was found in the case of the cultivar “Mastar”, regardless of the experimental factors. A statistically proven decrease in infection of chamomile plants with fungal diseases was determined under lower crop density conditions (a row spacing of 40 cm). Chamomile plants were found to exhibit better health under the influence of double application of the biofertilizers Herbagreen Basic and Bio-algeen.

EVALUATION OF SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE, MINERAL NPK FERTILIZATION AND MANURE FERTILIZATION ON CHAMOMILE (Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch) YIELD AND RAW MATERIAL QUALITY

“…The publications of Drzał et al [1995], Maszkiewicz [2010] and Roy et al [2015] also demonstrate that application of SMS as fertilizer produced beneficial effects in the form of significant increases in crop yields. Kwiatkowski [2015], Wang et al [2008] and Bavec et al [2012] note that the yieldincreasing effects of various types of fertilization depend, among others, on the type of crop plant and the type of soil and its initial nutrient availability. Relating this finding to the actual conditions of the present experiment, we note that soil amendment with SMS (but supplemented with mineral NPK fertilization in the spring) produced the most pronounced effect by increasing the chamomile raw material yield.…”

The Effect of Fertilization with Spent Mushroom Substrate and Traditional Methods of Fertilization of Common Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) on Yield Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Herbal Material

“…The results of this research and the results of other studies reveal that selection of an appropriate cultivar is an important factor affecting the yield and quality of herbal plants [3,25,26]. Selecting native cultivars that are well adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, yields the best results.…”

“…Wang et al [51], Bavec et al [52], Kwiatkowski [25], and Kwiatkowski et al [3] observed that the yield-increasing effects of different types of fertilization depend, among other factors, on the crop plant species, as well as on the type of soil and its initial level of nutrient availability. When we refer this comment to the realities of the experiment in question, we note that under the conditions of medium soil nutrient availability, the most noticeable effect-in the form of increased yield of thyme raw material-was produced by mineral NPK fertilization and SMS fertilization, at a rate of 50% (but supplemented with 50% mineral NPK fertilization in the spring).…”

“…In turn, appropriate row spacing (seeding density) is a non-input agronomic factor that affects the yield quantity and quality of herbal plants. On the one hand, the results of some studies demonstrate, for instance, that wider row spacings can contribute to increased crop productivity, while on the other hand, this can worsen the quality of plant material obtained [25,26]. The applied seeding density also has an impact on the effective utilization of fertilization by crop plants [27].…”

Humic Substances and Efficient Microorganisms: Elicitation of Medicinal Plants—A Review

“…Similar results were found with the application of photosynthetic bacterium, actinobacterium, lactic acid bacterium, fermentation fungi and yeast in the cultivation of Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch. The authors did not find significant differences for essential oil yield and flavonoid content (Kwiatkowski et al, 2015).…”