What controls melanogenesis?

Schallreuter, Karin U.; Słomiński, Andrzej; Pawelek, John M.; Jimbow, Kowichi; Gilchrest, Barbara A.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.1998.tb00315.x

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The results of the study presented herein could call into question the regulation of tyrosinase by 6BH 4 / -and -MSH as proposed earlier by our group, despite the fact that -MSH and its function as an activator of the 6BH 4 /tyrosinase inhibitor complex was well documented under the experimental conditions used in those studies (Wood et al 1995, Schallreuter et al 1998, 1999, Marles 2002). Since we showed uptake of cytosolic 3 [H]6BH 4 into melanosomes by facilitated diffusion, but only found its product 7BH 4 in this organelle, the question remains as to whether 6BH 4 can indeed regulate tyrosinase in the melanosome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

Spencer¹,

Chavan²,

Marles³

et al. 2005

Journal of Endocrinology

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The human skin holds the full machinery for proopiomelanocortin processing. The -melanocytestimulating hormone ( -MSH)/melanocortin-1-receptor cascade has been implicated as a major player via the cAMP signal in the control of melanogenesis. Only very recently the -endorphin/µ-opiate receptor signal has been added to the list of regulators of melanocyte dendricity and melanin formation. In this context it was reported that (6R)--erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6BH 4 ) can act as an allosteric inhibitor of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanogenesis, and this inhibition is reversible by both -and -MSH. It was also shown earlier that 7BH 4 , the isomer of 6BH 4 , is twice as active in this inhibition reaction. However, as yet it is not known whether 7BH 4 is indeed present in loco in the melanosome. We here provide evidence that this isomer is present in this organelle in a concentration range up to 50 10 6 M. Determination of -MSH in melanosomal extracts yielded 10 pg/mg protein. Moreover, we demonstrate reactivation of the 7BH 4 /tyrosinase inhibitor complex by -MSH, whereas -MSH failed to do so. Furthermore, we show intra-melanosomal -dopa formation from dopachrome by 7BH 4 in a concentration range up to 134 10 6 M. Based on these results, we propose a new receptorindependent mechanism in the control of tyrosinase/ melanogenesis by -MSH and the pterin 7BH 4 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

Spencer¹,

Chavan²,

Marles³

et al. 2005

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…During ageing, hair pigmentation declines (16) because of a progressive exhaustion of both melanotic melanocytes and progenitor cells located in the outer root sheath (17). Our results suggest that as long as a few melanotic melanocytes remain active in a proper location, the use of melanin synthesis stimulators (18) could be a means to delay the perception of hair greying.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Human hair follicle pigmentary unit as a direct target for modulators of melanogenesis, as studied by [¹⁴C]‐2‐Thiouracil incorporation

Michelet

Gautier

Gaillard

et al. 2009

Experimental Dermatology

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“…Melanocytes constitute the second most important dermis' cell lineage after keratinocytes themselves, representing 80% of the epidermis. Once the melanin is produced, melanocytes transport the melanosomes that have lost their tyrosinase activity along their dendrites to reach the neighboring keratinocytes [34,41]. The keratinocytes are dispersed regularly and almost exclusively in the basal epidermis layer.…”

Section: Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

et al. 2016

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Abstract:With the public's growing interest in skin whitening, lightening ingredients only used under dermatological supervision until recently, are more and more frequently incorporated into cosmetic formulas. The active agents that lighten skin tone are either natural or synthetic substances, and may act at various levels of melanogenesis. They are used to treat various skin pigmentation disorders or simply to obtain a lighter skin tone as whiter skin may be synonymous of wealth, health, youth, and/or beauty in different cultures. However, recent studies demonstrated the adverse effects of some of these ingredients, leading to their interdiction or restricted use under the European Directive and several other international regulations. After an overview of skin whitening practices and the associated risks, this article provides insight into the mechanisms involved in melanin synthesis and the biological assays available to attest the lightening activity of individual ingredients. The legislation dealing with the use of skin lighteners is then discussed. As traditional depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone and corticosteroids are of safety concern, the potential of natural extracts has been investigated more and more; finally, a synthesis of three years of research in our laboratory for such plant extracts will be given.

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What controls melanogenesis?

Cited by 47 publications

References 60 publications

A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

Human hair follicle pigmentary unit as a direct target for modulators of melanogenesis, as studied by [¹⁴C]‐2‐Thiouracil incorporation

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

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What controls melanogenesis?

Cited by 47 publications

References 60 publications

A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

A novel mechanism in control of human pigmentation by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and 7-tetrahydrobiopterin

Human hair follicle pigmentary unit as a direct target for modulators of melanogenesis, as studied by [14C]‐2‐Thiouracil incorporation

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

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Human hair follicle pigmentary unit as a direct target for modulators of melanogenesis, as studied by [¹⁴C]‐2‐Thiouracil incorporation