What Do Young Infants Do During Eye-Tracking Experiments? IP-BET – A Coding Scheme for Quantifying Spontaneous Infant and Parent Behaviour

Abstract

Coding Infant and Parent Behaviour in Eye-Tracking be more systematically considered as an integral part of the measurement of infant looking. We discuss the utility of our scheme to better understand the dynamics of looking and task performance in infant looking paradigms: those involving eye-tracking and those measuring looking duration.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

“…Social appropriateness may matter: The very presence of an eye tracker can impact head and eye movements, with people looking only at what they feel is socially appropriate when they believe that an eye tracker is recording (Risko & Kingstone, 2011;Nasiopoulos et al, 2015). Distraction is another possible factor: For instance, infants are easily distracted, looking at nearby people rather than at the monitor (Tomalski & Malinowska-Korczak, 2020). Accidental mismeasurements may happen when the infant is seated in the lap of a parent, and the eye tracker finds and records the parent's eyes.…”

Offline Calibration for Infant Gaze and Head Tracking across a Wide Horizontal Visual Field

“…Caregivers were instructed to maintain their infant in a stable, upright position at a constant distance from the screen. Seating on the caregiver’s lap helped in reducing the infant movements (see [ 13 ] for a comparison of seating arrangements on infant behavior during eye-tracking studies), but a similar procedure with a Smart Eye system has been also implemented using an infant chair [ 14 ]. Caregivers were also requested to avoid talking and interfering with the infant’s looking behaviour during the experimental procedure.…”

“…Although small head movements are tolerated by many eye-tracking solutions, the eye’s image is usually lost outside the screen area and has to be reacquired following each tracking loss. According to Tomalski and Malinowska-Korczak [ 13 ], infant participants spend about 10% of a standard eye-tracking session looking away from the monitor, resulting in missed data each time the system has to recover the eye’s image. These spatial constraints, restricted by the area of a regular screen, mean that gaze-orienting behaviours are mostly investigated through the contribution of the eyes while the head is held in a relatively stable position.…”

Electroencefalografía y seguimiento de mirada: Dos técnicas para evaluar la adquisición de la lengua materna en niños pequeños

“…La técnica del seguimiento de mirada, en inglés Eye-tracking, es una técnica no invasiva que por sus características ha sido ampliamente utilizada en niños pequeños (Tomalski & Malinowska-Korczak, 2020). A través de esta técnica, se han utilizado diferentes paradigmas en infantes como lo son la preferencia de mirada y preferencia a la novedad (en inglés, preferential looking paradigm y novelty preference) (Ambridge & Rowland, 2013).…”