What Drives Orogenic Asymmetry in the Northern Andes?: A Case Study from the Apex of the Northern Andean Orocline

Mora, Andrés; Parra, Maurício; Forero, Guillermo Rodriguez; Blanco, Vladimir; Moreno, Nestor; Caballero, Víctor; Stöckli, Daniel F.; Duddy, Ian R.; Ghorbal, B.

doi:10.1306/13531949m1083652

Cited by 23 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…Later estimates demonstrated that compressive deformation in the EC occurred by inversion of preexisting normal faults (Colletta et al, ; Cooper et al, ). This latter model predicted a much smaller amount of shortening, in the range of 22% to 33% (Cortés et al, ; Mora et al, ; Mora, Casallas, et al, ; Mora, Parra, et al, ; Parra, Mora, Sobel, et al, ; Ramírez‐Arias et al, ; Teixell et al, ; Tesón et al, ). Other estimates based on detailed stratigraphic and seismic data, which exclude the western front, indicate shortening of ≤20% (Bayona et al, ).…”

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here the sedimentary succession over the former unconformity shows growth strata with decreasing ages moving northward (Gómez et al, , ). At the same time, both flanks of the EC, as well as the Santander and Floresta massifs, were being exhumed (Mora, Parra, et al, ; Saylor et al, ; van der Lelij et al, ), whereas thin sedimentary layers covered the axial zone of the EC (Bayona et al, , ; Reyes‐Harker et al, ). In the distal LB, the onlap of the syn‐orogenic sediments against the Cretaceous units indicates that the forebulge had already formed during the Late Eocene (Bayona et al, ).…”

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sedimentary, structural, thermochronologic, and paleo‐elevation data along the eastern EC indicate that deformation propagated eastward with increasing amounts of shortening and surface elevation since the late Miocene‐Pliocene (Anderson et al, ; Hooghiemstra et al, ; Mora et al, , ; Mora, Parra, et al, ; Parra, Mora, Sobel, et al, ). The increase in tectonic activity during the last 6 to 4 Ma has been attributed to either a change in the convergence direction of the Nazca Plate (Pardo‐Casas & Molnar, ) or to the accretion of the Panama block (Mora, Parra, et al, ). Mora et al () and Mora, Parra, et al () also suggested that a positive feedback between shortening and orographic precipitation might occur along the EC eastern front, where relief decreases toward the foreland and the highest erosion rates and precipitation are observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in tectonic activity during the last 6 to 4 Ma has been attributed to either a change in the convergence direction of the Nazca Plate (Pardo‐Casas & Molnar, ) or to the accretion of the Panama block (Mora, Parra, et al, ). Mora et al () and Mora, Parra, et al () also suggested that a positive feedback between shortening and orographic precipitation might occur along the EC eastern front, where relief decreases toward the foreland and the highest erosion rates and precipitation are observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraints on the Cenozoic Deformation of the Northern Eastern Cordillera, Colombia

et al. 2018

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The Eastern Cordillera of Colombia rose to maximum elevations of >5 km during the Cenozoic by inversion of a Mesozoic rift basin. Previous studies proposed that the exhumation of the Eastern Cordillera increased from ~6 Ma to the present due to the interplay between tectonic shortening and climate. In this study, we integrate new field observations, structural data, low‐temperature thermochronology, thermobarometry, and vitrinite reflectance along a section through the Tablazo, Cocuy, and Llanos regions to estimate the amount of shortening and the exhumation history. Our results indicate that shortening started as early as the latest Maastrichtian‐Paleocene in the Tablazo and Cocuy regions. Exhumation migrated eastward, starting in the Paleocene in the west and continuing in the Miocene in the east. The amount and rate of exhumation peaked in the Cocuy region with values of <5 km and < 0.4 km/Ma, respectively. At the highest elevations in the Cocuy Sierra, we also found evidence of a low‐pressure/high‐temperature metamorphic overprint, possibly related to shallow and local magmatic intrusions that occurred in the Late Miocene. Our cross‐section interpretation suggests a low amount of shortening (13%) that is mainly accommodated by high‐angle inverted faults and by the frontal thrust system. The presence of shallow magmatic bodies, moderate exhumation, and low shortening raises questions about the processes (isostatic versus dynamic) that drove the topographic growth of the high Cocuy Sierra.

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Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Constraints on the Cenozoic Deformation of the Northern Eastern Cordillera, Colombia

et al. 2018

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“…WNW‐ESE trending chronostratigraphic chart of the Sinú, San Jacinto, and Lower Magdalena areas, based on different sources (Hocol, ; ICP (Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo), ; Guzman, ) and adjusted with our recent analyses of well and outcrop samples. Biostratigraphy is based on numerous papers and industry reports by Duque‐Caro (, , , , , ), tectonic events are after Villagómez, Spikings, Mora, et al (2011), Parra et al (), Saylor et al (), Mora, Reyes‐Harker, et al (), Caballero, Mora, et al (), Caballero, Parra, et al (), Mora et al (), and De la Parra et al (), while the eustatic curves are from Haq et al () and the climatic events from Zachos et al ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Late Cretaceous to Eocene Tectonostratigraphy of the San Jacinto Fold Belt of NW Colombia With Caribbean Plateau Collision and Flat Subduction

Mora¹,

Oncken

Breton

et al. 2017

Tectonics

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Collision with and subduction of an oceanic plateau is a rare and transient process that usually leaves an indirect imprint only. Through a tectonostratigraphic analysis of pre‐Oligocene sequences in the San Jacinto fold belt of northern Colombia, we show the Late Cretaceous to Eocene tectonic evolution of northwestern South America upon collision and ongoing subduction with the Caribbean Plate. We linked the deposition of four fore‐arc basin sequences to specific collision/subduction stages and related their bounding unconformities to major tectonic episodes. The Upper Cretaceous Cansona sequence was deposited in a marine fore‐arc setting in which the Caribbean Plate was being subducted beneath northwestern South America, producing contemporaneous magmatism in the present‐day Lower Magdalena Valley basin. Coeval strike‐slip faulting by the Romeral wrench fault system accommodated right‐lateral displacement due to oblique convergence. In latest Cretaceous times, the Caribbean Plateau collided with South America marking a change to more terrestrially influenced marine environments characteristic of the upper Paleocene to lower Eocene San Cayetano sequence, also deposited in a fore‐arc setting with an active volcanic arc. A lower to middle Eocene angular unconformity at the top of the San Cayetano sequence, the termination of the activity of the Romeral Fault System, and the cessation of arc magmatism are interpreted to indicate the onset of low‐angle subduction of the thick and buoyant Caribbean Plateau beneath South America, which occurred between 56 and 43 Ma. Flat subduction of the plateau has continued to the present and would be the main cause of amagmatic post‐Eocene deposition.

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Transient slab flattening beneath Colombia

Wagner

Jaramillo

Ramirez-Hoyos

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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Subduction of the Nazca and Caribbean Plates beneath northwestern Colombia is seen in two distinct Wadati Benioff Zones, one associated with a flat slab to the north and one associated with normal subduction south of 5.5°N. The normal subduction region is characterized by an active arc, whereas the flat slab region has no known Holocene volcanism. We analyze volcanic patterns over the past 14 Ma to show that in the mid‐Miocene a continuous arc extended up to 7°N, indicating normal subduction of the Nazca Plate all along Colombia's Pacific margin. However, by ~6 Ma, we find a complete cessation of this arc north of 3°N, indicating the presence of a far more laterally extensive flat slab than at present. Volcanism did not resume between 3°N and 6°N until after 4 Ma, consistent with lateral tearing and resteepening of the southern portion of the Colombian flat slab at that time.

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What Drives Orogenic Asymmetry in the Northern Andes?: A Case Study from the Apex of the Northern Andean Orocline

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Constraints on the Cenozoic Deformation of the Northern Eastern Cordillera, Colombia

Constraints on the Cenozoic Deformation of the Northern Eastern Cordillera, Colombia

Linking Late Cretaceous to Eocene Tectonostratigraphy of the San Jacinto Fold Belt of NW Colombia With Caribbean Plateau Collision and Flat Subduction

Transient slab flattening beneath Colombia

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