“…However, the literature on CPAs has been developed based on the notion of “freedom of speech” in a democracy (Coen, 1997; Dahan et al, 2013). In this literature, the legitimacy of CPAs has been challenged (Alzola, 2013; Christensen, 1997; Dahan et al, 2013; Mantere et al, 2009; Rival & Major, 2016), but a majority of studies have considered CPAs legitimate corporate activities through which corporations express their voice and concerns as citizens (Dahan et al, 2013). This conceptualization of CPAs has led the predominant empirical focus of the literature to be on the United States or the European Union (EU), which are institutionally developed countries (see Hillman, Keim, & Schuler, 2004; Lawton et al, 2013, for a brief review).…”