When plants brace for the emerging pathogens

Antimicrobial Resistance with Special Emphasis on Pathogens in Agriculture

“…Similar to the pathogen-human interaction, the challenge and attack by pathogenic organisms are halted by the defense mechanisms of the plants. This mechanism is often trespassed by the evolution and emergence of newly faced pathogens that have evolved in response to evolution or agricultural practices and colonization strategies in native communities with no prior evolutionary history [56][57][58]. It is well-known that the ecosystem, frequency, and evolution of both host and pathogens are largely dependent on catastrophic outbreaks that have a direct involvement of the human population.…”

“…It is well-known that the ecosystem, frequency, and evolution of both host and pathogens are largely dependent on catastrophic outbreaks that have a direct involvement of the human population. Added to this is the development of a new species, migration of humans, speciation, susceptibility of the plants, divergence, and climate change [57]. With a positive association between the emergence of new pathogens and extinction of crop production being rendered by many researchers, understanding and identification of emerging pathogens is a necessary strategy to counter them [59,60].…”

“…The ever-increasing investment by the researchers in analyzing genome sequences has revealed another world of improvement in understanding the adaptability of pathogens to plant disease [62][63][64], and any changes in pattern of pathogenicity may thus arise. Horizontal gene transfer and interspecific hybridization have been the two mechanisms that have been comprehensively reviewed [57,62,[65][66][67][68]. Along with strategies such as population genomics study for development of improved disease management, awareness of agricultural heterogeneity and management or restriction of movement of plant materials aids have also been integrated.…”

Plant Microbe Interactions in Post Genomic Era: Perspectives and Applications

“…Many pathogens invasions which cause disease are halted by the defense mechanisms of plants, but the emergence and evolution of newly faced pathogens may help them in escaping the solid host innate immunity ( Stukenbrock and Bataillon, 2012 ; Misra and Chaturvedi, 2015 ). Both plants and pathogens evolve in response to each other and this co-evolutionary arms race and agricultural practices lead to pathogens invasion and colonization in the new host in native communities in which they have no prior evolutionary history ( Britton and Liebhold, 2013 ; Misra and Chaturvedi, 2015 ). The catastrophic outbreaks of the exotic pathogens in an ecosystem are driven by the increase in human population, human interference, the increase in global trade frequency and co-evolution of both host and pathogens.…”

“…The catastrophic outbreaks of the exotic pathogens in an ecosystem are driven by the increase in human population, human interference, the increase in global trade frequency and co-evolution of both host and pathogens. The emerging pathogens lead to the emergence of plant disease and the main reason behind this are, the introduction of evolved pathogens or new pathogen species, human migration, divergence, speciation, plant susceptibility and abundance, hybridization among existing pathogens and of course the climate change ( Garrett et al, 2010 ; Misra and Chaturvedi, 2015 ). For the past few decades, the emergence of new pathogens is more frequent due to above-mentioned reasons which lead to the extinction of many wild species, biodiversity loss and yield in crop production ( Cobb et al, 2012 ; Fisher et al, 2012 ).…”