When Taekwondo Referees See Red, but It Is an Electronic System That Gives the Points

Apollaro, Gennaro; Falcó, Coral

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787000

Cited by 6 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…When analyzing the total samples (2019/2021 Italian Senior Championships and 2019/2021 Uzbekistan Senior Championships), our results are in line with Apollaro and Falcó [ 20 ] who investigated WGPS, held in a timeframe immediately preceding ours (2015 and 2018), when electronic body and head protectors were also used. Apollaro and Falcó [ 20 ] included 1327 matches and their results showed a non-significant relationship between the color of the protectors and the outcome of the match.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Therefore, the main objectives of this study are: (1) to analyze the relationship between the color of the protectors and the success in the matches of the Italian Senior Championships (ITA-SC) and the Uzbekistan Senior Championships (UZB-SC) (2019 and 2021); and (2) to analyze the effect of confounding factors, such as skill and strength, among the athletes through the analysis of different degrees of asymmetry. In line with the recent results of Apollaro and Falcó [ 20 ], we hypothesize that the number of victories in national competitions by the athletes in blue should be similar (or equal) to the number of victories achieved by the athletes in red, as electronic body and head protectors was also used in these competitions. For the same reason, we do not hypothesize any effect of color related to cultural context but, in case it is present, we hypothesize a similar direction of the effect in the two cultural contexts, in line with Sorokowski et al [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Data were collected from publicly available online sources ( (accessed on 28 November 2021) and (accessed on 15 December 2021)), ensuring the anonymity and privacy of individual athletes. The use of data from open access sites has been previously described in other studies [ 18 , 20 ] and there are no ethical issues involved in the analysis and interpretation of the data used as these were obtained in a secondary form and not from direct experimentation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the suggestion to ban red sportswear was not taken up, the intuition of the technological aid to support referees [ 4 ] was almost inevitably welcomed. However, of the three Olympic combat sports originally investigated by Hill and Barton [ 5 ], taekwondo is the one that has undergone this process the most [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Taekwondo’s presence has been confirmed at the next OG in Paris 2024 and Los Angeles 2028 [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, to date, in taekwondo the manual scoring system by referees is limited to punch techniques and penalties (but with an Instant Video Replay system to support athletes and coaches; [ 23 ]). Apollaro and Falcó [ 20 ], studying the relationship between the color of the protectors and the success in the matches of six World Grand Prix Series (WGPS) over two Olympic 4-year periods (2015 and 2018) when electronic head protectors were also used, confirmed and extended the findings of the two previous studies [ 16 , 18 ], and overall outlined a current framework “deliberately” different from that of the Athens 2004 OOGG by Hill and Barton [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?

Apollaro

Moreira

Rodríguez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Although research on the effect of color in taekwondo has involved several international competitions, no previous study has investigated the presence of this phenomenon in national-level competitions. The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the color protectors and success in 1155 taekwondo matches of the Italian and Uzbekistan Senior Championships (ITA-SC and UZB-SC) (2019 and 2021). The results showed no relationship between the color protectors and the match outcome, in both ITA-SC and UZB-SC (p = 0.71, V = 0.01; p = 0.61, V = 0.02). Moreover, no relationship emerged between the color protectors and the match outcome in the four editions of the SC. Stratifying analyses by weight category and sex, males showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 3 and 1 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Contrary, females showed positive relationships between the color blue/red and winning the match in 1 and 3 of 16 weight categories, respectively. Analyzing the two national contexts found that, in both the Italian and Uzbek contexts, matches in 2 and 2 of 16 weight categories were won by athletes wearing blue and red protectors, respectively. Significant relationships emerged between the color blue and winning the match with small asymmetry in the men’s UZB-SC and between the color red and winning the match with large asymmetry in the female ITA-SC. The implementation of the electronic point recording system for the body and head has had a positive impact on fairness in national taekwondo competitions, did not detect any effect of color related to cultural context, and did not allow for the color red to tip the scales between losing and winning in matches between athletes of similar ability and strength.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?

Apollaro

Moreira

Rodríguez

et al. 2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

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The effect of the colour red in 20 years of Olympic taekwondo

Apollaro,

Falcó,

Morales-Sánchez

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The objectives of this study were (1) to analyse the relationship between the colour of the protectors and the outcome of 895 matches in the six Olympic Games in which taekwondo has been included, and (2) to analyse the effect of confounding factors through the different degrees of asymmetry between contestants. Data were recorded on the colour of each athlete’s protectors, the scoring system, the sex of the athlete, the weight category, the round of competition, the winner of the match, the method of victory and the points scored by each athlete. Among the main results, a relationship emerged between male athletes wearing red and winning the match (p = 0.034) under the manual scoring system. There were relationships between female athletes wearing blue and winning the match in the quarterfinal (p = 0.014) and last 16 rounds (p = 0.021) using the manual and electronic scoring systems respectively. In female athletes, relationships emerged between wearing blue and winning the match with small (p = 0.008) and medium (p = 0.047) asymmetry under the manual system and with large (p = 0.036) asymmetry under the electronic system. The electronic system had a positive impact on the fairness of Olympic competition. Red tends to gain in importance as the asymmetry between the two athletes decreases, but not enough to give a competitive advantage. The results for Olympic competition held in the now concluded era of the manual system confirmed the presence of the colour effect as a result of psychological factors attributable to referees and judges.

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Sport-Specific Tests for Endurance in Taekwondo: A Narrative Review With Guidelines for the Assessment

Apollaro,

Franchini,

Falcó

et al. 2023

Strength &Amp; Conditioning Journal

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To sustain the specific intermittent activity of an official taekwondo match, high demands are placed on both aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms. Studies determining the contributions of the energy systems during the simulated match found a 62–74% participation of the oxidative system. In parallel with the widespread use of general tests for assessing endurance in taekwondo athletes, research has focused on developing sport-specific tests. This narrative review aims to present the sport-specific tests available in the current literature for assessing endurance in taekwondo. It summarizes and analyzes the development and validation process of each test. Additionally, we provide practical applications, recommendations, and future perspectives as guidelines for assessment, with the ultimate objective of encouraging scientists, coaches, and physical trainers to use sport-specific methodologies. All the tests described in this review represent alternative methodologies to classical general tests. They are easily accessible, noninvasive, simple to conduct, and specifically designed for assessing endurance in taekwondo athletes. However, it is important to consider that each test has specific methodological and application characteristics and a different development and validation path. These factors must be taken into consideration when deciding which test to use.

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When Taekwondo Referees See Red, but It Is an Electronic System That Gives the Points

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?

The Relationship between the Color of Electronic Protectors and the Outcome in Taekwondo Matches: Is There Fairness in National Competitions?

The effect of the colour red in 20 years of Olympic taekwondo

Sport-Specific Tests for Endurance in Taekwondo: A Narrative Review With Guidelines for the Assessment

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