Where did SARS‐CoV‐2 come from?

Zhai, Shao‐Lun; Wei, Wen-Kang; Lv, Dian-Hong; Xu, Zhouyi; Chen, Qin-Ling; Sun, Mingfei; Li, Feng; Wang, Dan Dan

doi:10.1136/vr.m740

Cited by 22 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The SARS-CoV-2 origin is still discussed although the initial cases have been associated with the Huanan South China Seafood Market. As with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 almost certainly originated in bats [30]. The most recent analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genome has found that it shares 96 percent of its RNA with a coronavirus which was previously identified in a specific bat species in China [31,32].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and The New Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is about 89% identical to bat SARS-like-CoV and 82% identical to human SARS-CoV [29]. SARS-CoV-2 is reported as using the same cell entry receptor as SARS-CoV [30], ACE2, to infect humans, so clinical similarities between the two viruses are expected, particularly in severe cases.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and The New Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern

Contini

Nuzzo

Barp

et al. 2020

J Infect Dev Ctries

229

176

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18 years ago, in 2002, the world was astonished by the appearance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), supported by a zoonotic coronavirus, called SARS-CoV, from the Guangdong Province of southern China. After about 10 years, in 2012, another similar coronavirus triggered the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. Both caused severe pneumonia killing 774 and 858 people with 8700 cases of confirmed infection for the former, and 2494 for the latter, causing significant economic losses. 8 years later, despite the MERS outbreak remaining in certain parts of the world, at the end of 2019, a new zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and responsible of coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), arose from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It spread rapidly and to date has killed 3,242 persons with more than 81,000 cases of infection in China and causing over 126,000 global cases and 5,414 deaths in 166 other countries around the world, especially Italy. SARS-CoV-2 would seem to have come from a bat, but the intermediate reservoir continues to be unknown. Nonetheless, as for SARS-CoV and MERS CoV, the Spillover effect linked to animal-human promiscuity, human activities including deforestation, illegal bush-trafficking and bushmeat, cannot be excluded. Recently, however, evidence of inter-human only transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been accumulated and thus, the outbreak seems to be spreading by human-to-human transmission throughout a large part of the world. Herein we will provide with an update on the main features of COVID-19 and suggest possible solutions how to halt the expansion of this novel pandemic.

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Section: Sars-cov-2 and The New Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Sars-cov-2 and The New Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern

Contini

Nuzzo

Barp

et al. 2020

J Infect Dev Ctries

229

176

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although it was believed that bats and pangolins were potential hosts for SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission, but the origin of SARS‐CoV‐2 remains unclear and the evidence of transmission from animals to human is not established with certainty (Zhai, Wei, Lv, Xu, et al, 2020). As reported earlier, the initial infected individuals had a common exposure spot; Wuhan Seafood wholesale market of China, where various domestic animals, wild animals and live animals including poultry, bats, rabbits, turtles, marmots, pangolins, and snakes were sold for human consumption (Hui et al., 2020; Ji et al., 2020; Lu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Zoonotic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first human to nondomestic animal transmission was reported in New York City, where a tiger was surprisingly infected by a positive asymptomatic zookeeper (USDA, 2020). Hence, it is suggested that the owners should adopt appropriate precautions and keep a suitable distance from the animals to prevent the spread of this virus (Rodriguez‐Morales, Dhama, Sharun, Tiwari, & Bonilla‐Aldana, 2020; Zhai, Wei, Lv, Xu, et al, 2020; Zhai, Wei, Lv, Zhai, et al, 2020).…”

Section: Zoonotic Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID‐19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy

Mohapatra¹,

et al. 2020

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COVID‐19 is highly contagious pathogenic viral infection initiated from Wuhan seafood wholesale market of China on December 2019 and spread rapidly around the whole world due to onward transmission. This recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoV) was believed to be originated from bats and causing respiratory infections such as common cold, dry cough, fever, headache, dyspnea, pneumonia, and finally Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. For this widespread zoonotic virus, human‐to‐human transmission has resulted in nearly 83 lakh cases in 213 countries and territories with 4,50,686 deaths as on 19 June 2020. This review presents a report on the origin, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy for this novel virus and will provide ample references for the researchers toward the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines and also preventing the spread of this disease.

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“…The virus binds to the type II pneumocytes from lower bronchi via Spike protein (S-protein) [17] binding to virus receptors, of which the angiotensin conversion enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is the most important [21]. In the respiratory tract, ACE2 receptor is widely expressed on type II pneumocytes of the alveoli, trachea, bronchi, bronchial submucous membrane serous glands [22], and alveolar monocytes and macrophages. The arrival of SARS-CoV-2 to the lungs causes primary severe viral interstitial pneumonia which in about 10% of cases can degenerate into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) characterized by a cytochemical storm triggered by the activation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) [11]: the Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS).…”

Section: The Hypothesis/theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

A new pharmacological approach based on remdesivir aerosolized administration on SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary inflammation: A possible and rational therapeutic application

et al. 2020

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The new zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus not previously seen in humans and which appears to come from bat species. It originated in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and spread rapidly throughout the world, causing over 5,569,679 global cases and 351,866 deaths in almost every country in the world, including Europe, particularly Italy. In general, based on existing data published to date, 80.9% of patients infected with the virus develop mild infection; 13.8% severe pneumonia; 4.7% respiratory failure, septic shock or multi-organ failure; 3% of these cases are fatal. Critical patients have been shown to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hospitalization in intensive care units. The average age of patients admitted to hospital is 57-79 years, with one third half with an underlying disease. Asymptomatic infections have also been described, but their frequency is not known. SARS-CoV-2 transmission is mainly airborne from one person to another via droplets. The data available so far seem to indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of producing an excessive immune reaction in the host. The virus attacks type II pneumocytes in the lower bronchi through the binding of the Spike protein (S protein) to viral receptors, of which the angiotensin 2 conversion enzyme (ACE2) receptor is the most important. ACE2 receptor is widely expressed in numerous tissues, including the oropharynx and conjunctiva, but mostly distributed in ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and type II pneumocytes in the lower bronchi. The arrival of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs causes severe primary interstitial viral pneumonia that can lead to the "cytokine storm syndrome", a deadly uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response triggered by the activation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), whose effect is extensive lung tissue damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), that are life-threatening for patients with COVID-19. In the absence of a therapy of proven efficacy, current management consists of off-label or compassionate use therapies based on antivirals, antiparasitic agents in both oral and parenteral formulation, anti-inflammatory drugs, oxygen therapy and heparin support and convalescent plasma. Like most respiratory viruses can function and replicate at low temperatures (i.e. 34-35°C) and assuming viral thermolability of SARS-CoV-2, local instillation or aerosol of antiviral (i.e. remdesivir) in humid heat vaporization (40°-41°C) in the first phase of infection (phenotype I, before admission), both in asymptomatic but nasopharyngeal swab positive patients, together with antiseptic-antiviral oral gargles and povidone-iodine eye drops for conjunctiva (0,8-5% conjunctival congestion), would attack the virus directly through the receptors to which it binds, significantly decreasing viral replication, risk of evolution to phenotypes IV and V, reducing hospitalization and therefore death.

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Where did SARS‐CoV‐2 come from?

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern

The novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic: An expected global health concern

The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID‐19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy

A new pharmacological approach based on remdesivir aerosolized administration on SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary inflammation: A possible and rational therapeutic application

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