yet many communities that do not select their leaders by elections have also proved themselves capable of overcoming collective action dilemmas. in particular, the reliance on "traditional" leaders to mobilize communities for collective action is common in developing countries. such leaders are typically not elected and they are argued to be effective in mobilizing collective action because of their ability to appeal to custom and long-established norms as a source of legitimacy.3 in the * the authors would like to thank oeindrila dube, Guy Grossman, caroline Payne, three anonymous reviewers, the editors of World Politics, and audience members at the contemporary african Political Economy Research seminar and the alexander hamilton center Graduate student conference at new york university, and the center for the study of african Politics at the university of Florida, for helpful comments. We are grateful to cyrus samii for his collaboration on this project, and to the survey team for excellent work. Part of this project was commissioned by the united nations' office of internal oversight services (un-oios), as part of an evaluation of the united nations Mission in liberia's (unMil) operations, with additional funding provided by the swedish Government's Folke Bernadotte academy. Kate Baldwin acknowledges the support of the center for the study of democratic Politics at Princeton university. the views expressed in this paper are the authors' own and do not reflect the position of funding agencies.