Which animal type contributes the most to the emission of antibiotic resistance genes in large-scale swine farms in China?

Systematic analysis of occurrence, density and ecological risks of 45 veterinary antibiotics: Focused on family livestock farms in Erhai Lake basin, Yunnan, China

“…For different environmental mediums, manure samples were detected with higher concentrations than others. It is easily to understand that livestock body could accumulate antibiotics after uptake feed containing antibiotics ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). The discharge ratio of antibiotics from animal body varied from 30% to 90% ( Zhi et al., 2018 ; Chen et al., 2017 ).…”

“…The discharge ratio of antibiotics from animal body varied from 30% to 90% ( Zhi et al., 2018 ; Chen et al., 2017 ). It was reported that most of the antibiotics detected were enriched in manure than in feed; and OTC could be enriched by 33.9 times ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). This is why manure samples had higher antibiotic levels than feed samples.…”

“…Then a huge amount of animal waste is produced every year. If not being properly treated, these antibiotics in animal waste could further contaminate the soil ( Wei et al., 2019 ), water ( Kovalakova et al., 2020 ), food ( He et al., 2016 ), and even develop antibiotic resistance genes ( Zhang et al., 2019 ). Recently, with the increasing of safety awareness, many alternatives for antibiotics have been developed, but it is hard to replace the efficacy of antibiotics in the short term ( Zhang et al., 2018 ; Suresh et al., 2018 ).…”

Microbiological safety and antibiotic resistance risks at a sustainable farm under large-scale open-air composting and composting toilet systems

“…In recent years, the problem of antibiotic resistance [1][2][3] has become a major public health crisis [4][5][6][7][8][9] and has triggered a sharp increase in medical costs and mortality worldwide [2][3][4][5][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Such resistance is induced by the abuse of antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases and growth promotion in livestock [12,13,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

“…In recent years, the problem of antibiotic resistance [1][2][3] has become a major public health crisis [4][5][6][7][8][9] and has triggered a sharp increase in medical costs and mortality worldwide [2][3][4][5][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Such resistance is induced by the abuse of antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases and growth promotion in livestock [12,13,15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. It is estimated that the annual global use of antibiotics is between 100,000 and 200,000 tons [18], of which the consumption of antibiotics increased by about 69% from 2000 to 2015, an increase of more than 4% per year [19].…”