“…High-speed trains (HSTs), with a speed of more than 200 km/h (Council Directive 96/48/EC, 1996), have attracted considerable attention in recent years as fast, convenient, safe and green public transportation systems (Sarkar et al, 2014). To ensure the normal operation of HSTs in varied environments, many studies attempted to address the problems associated with the system reliability and safety (Feng et al, 2018;Baouya et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2018a;Lu et al, 2019), and certain scholars focused on the risk management of HST systems (Gao et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2016a;Chen et al, 2019;Hu et al, 2019;Su et al, 2019).…”