Women Candidates in the News: An Examination of Gender Differences in U.S. Senate Campaign Coverage

Kahn, Kim Fridkin; Goldenberg, Edie N.

doi:10.1086/269251

“…Media bias against female politicians is widely documented, including a focus of political commentary on their physical appearance and private lives, and less on their political positions (e.g., Dolan, Deckman and Swears 2007;Kahn and Goldenberg 1991;Ondercin and Welch 2005). Perceived voter bias against women and minorities as political leaders could also factor into promotion decisions .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Glass Ceiling in Politics: Formalization and Empirical Tests

Folke

¹

,

Rickne

²

2014

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractThere is a scarcity of women and minorities at the apex of political power. This paper formalizes the concept of the glass ceiling for political organizations and builds on previous research to suggest four testable criteria. A glass ceiling exists if women and/or racial minorities (1) are discriminated against in the organization's promotion process and (2) the discrimination increases in severity for the top levels of power and over an individual's career trajectory. We suggest a series of empirical tests for this phenomenon and apply them to longitudinal data on Swedish politicians. Results show that women face a glass ceiling, while minorities' career disadvantages are more severe at the earlier career steps (a "sticky floor"). There is an unequal distribution of political power in most contemporary democracies. Women make up 21.8 percent of the world's parliamentarians, but only 7.8 percent of its heads of government and 5.9 percent of its heads of state (UN Women 2014). Systematic data collection is lacking for racial and ethnic minorities, but previous research has documented a clear underrepresentation in parliaments (Bloemraad 2013), and casual inspection suggests a striking absence from top offices. These patterns constitute an important democratic deficit, and suggest that society may be drawing its leaders from an overly narrow pool of human talent. After all, citizens deserve to be led by the best person, not just the best (white) man, for the job.This paper tests whether the lack of women and minorities in the upper levels of political organizations can be explained by a glass ceiling effect. This is done in two steps. First, we draw on research from different academic disciplines to clearly define the metaphor of the glass ceiling for the political sector and in terms of four testable criteria. Second, we explain and showcase how these criteria can be tested empirically in a case study of Swedish local political organizations.Our paper extends the growing literature on the under-representation of women in political leadership by shifting the focus from macro-systematic explanations of vertical 3 inequality 1 to party-level and micro-level explanations. Compared to most previous work, this entails a shift from country-level data to uniquely detailed panel data for politicians and the nomination decisions among these politicians by hundreds of local party groups. We add a novel perspective to t...

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“…editorial) content women are mainly depicted as spouses, artists/entertainers and socialites; they are depicted in lighter, entertaining contexts in a trivial manner (e.g. Miller 1975;Davis 1982;Blackwood 1983;Potter 1985;Johnson & Christ 1988;Kahn & Goldenberg 1991;Len-Ríos et al 2005). Longitudinal studies have pointed out that women's journalistic representation has changed surprisingly little compared to the actual changes of women's positions in real life during the last half a century (e.g.…”

Section: The Representation Of Women In the Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Curving Mirror of Time

Harro-Loit¹,

Kello²

2013

3

0

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The Approaches to Culture Theory book series focuses on various aspects of analysis, modelling, and theoretical understanding of culture. Culture theory as a set of complementary theories is seen to include and combine the approaches of different sciences, among them semiotics of culture, archaeology, environmental history, ethnology, cultural ecology, cultural and social anthropology, human geography, sociology and the psychology of culture, folklore, media and communication studies. Series editorsKalevi Kull Institute of Philosophy and Semiotics, University of Tartu List of figuresThe second commemoration sample of two Estonian dailies, 1989Estonian dailies, , 1994Estonian dailies, and 2009 Information sources in stories on the MRP and related issues, 1989, 1999 and 2009 . 102 Speakers in stories on the MRP and related issues, 1989, 1999 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . 103 Time references in stories on the MRP and related issues, 1989, 1999 and 2009 . . . . 105 Geo-political space in stories on the MRP and related issues, 1989, 1999 and 2009 . . 105 Symbols used in the anniversary journalism of Soviet Estonia (Noorte Hääl 1964, 1969 Õhtuleht 1969 Rahva Hääl 1979) . . . . 117 Narrative of the day of liberating Tallinn (22 September 1944) 'Beautiful Mirka' (Külaline 1910, 20 Feb, 4) . 161 English-Dutch oil king Henri Deterding with his wife (Päewaleht 1929, 31 Jan, 3); golden wedding anniversary couple the Niggols (Päewaleht 1925, 24 Dec, 6) . . . 165 Shoe polish advertisement (Postimees 1925, 11 Oct, 3); fashion drawing (Päewaleht 1922, 26 Aug, 8 Notes on editors and contributorsHalliki Harro-Loit (halliki.harro@ut.ee) is professor of journalism and leads the research group on cultural communication at the Centre of Excellence in the Cultural Theory, University of Tartu, Estonia. She is the author of numerous academic publications and articles on journalism culture. She has been interested in binding qualitative and quantitative methods; her recent academic interest has been in diachronic changes in mediated culture, especially how this can be traced via archived media materials.Valeria Jakobson (valeriajakobson@hotmail.com) is researcher of minority media and audiences at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her research focuses on minority media development, history representations in the minority media, and the role of the media in the adaptation of the minority in the Estonian state and society.Katrin Kello (katrin.kello@ut.ee) is researcher and doctoral student at the Institute of Journalism and Communication at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her research currently focuses on conceptions of the aims and functions of history instruction within the context of contested representations of the past.Tiiu Kreegipuu (tiiu.kreegipuu@ut.ee) is researcher in media history at the University of Tartu, Estonia. Her main fields of research are the role(s) of the press in totalitarian societies and Estonian media history under the Soviet occupation.Roosmarii Kurvits (roosmarii.kurvits@ut.ee) is researcher...

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“…Finally, the financial press might be biased against female fund managers and report less about them. Kahn and Goldenberg (1991) provide some evidence for gender bias in the media by showing that female candidates for the U.S. Senate receive less news coverage than male candidates. According to Kaniel, Starks, and Vasudevan (2005) low media coverage leads to low fund inflows.…”

Section: Fund Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Third, brokers could be more prone to promote male managed funds (see, e.g., Wang (1994)). Finally, the financial press might report less or less favorably about female fund managers than about male fund managers (see, e.g., Kahn and Goldenberg (1991)). Unfortunately, the data available to us does not allow us to discriminate between these four potential explanations for lower inflows into female managed funds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Matters: Gender Differences in a Professional Setting

Niessen-Ruenzi,

Ruenzi

2007

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in JEL-Classification Codes: G23, J2, J71Keywords: Gender Differences; Mutual Funds; Risk Aversion; Stereotyping; * Niessen: University of Cologne, Department of Corporate Finance and Centre for Financial Research (CFR), Albertus-Magnus Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany, Tel: +49 (0)221 470 7878 Sex Matters: Gender Differences in a Professional SettingAbstract This paper shows that gender differences exist in a professional setting where managers have a similar educational background and work experience. Using data from the U.S. mutual fund industry we find that female managers are more risk averse, follow less extreme and more consistent investment styles and trade less than male managers. Although female and male managers do not differ in average performance, female managers receive significantly lower inflows. This suggests that they might be stereotyped as less skilled. Furthermore, they mainly work in companies that are large, well established and that are located in less conservative states of the U.S.

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Women Candidates in the News: An Examination of Gender Differences in U.S. Senate Campaign Coverage

Cited by 252 publications

References 20 publications

The Glass Ceiling in Politics: Formalization and Empirical Tests

The Glass Ceiling in Politics: Formalization and Empirical Tests

The Curving Mirror of Time

Sex Matters: Gender Differences in a Professional Setting

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