“…Although the socialist rhetoric supported equality of the sexes, there might never have been true equality and people's personal views might not have supported the ideology (Funk & Mueller, 1993;Rener & Ule, 1998). Many have noted that women were never truly equal in the labor force or in other ways in the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Leven, 1994;Malinowska, 1995;Massey, Hahn, & Sekulic, 1995;McMahon, 1994). Many of the laws that supported gender equality were not well followed in the Soviet Union, or in other state socialist countries (Epstein, 1988;Shebloski & Gibbons, 1998).…”