Woody Plants Affected by Ungulates in Winter Period, Impacts and Bark Renewal

Abstract

Translation of the Bible or any other text unavoidably involves a determination about its meaning. There have been different views of meaning from ancient times up to the present, and a particularly Enlightenment and Modernist view is that the meaning of a text amounts to whatever the original author of the text intended it to be. This article analyzes the authorial-intent view of meaning in comparison with other models of literary and legal interpretation. Texts are anchors to interpretation but are subject to individualized interpretations. It is texts that are translated, not intentions. The challenge to the translator is to negotiate the meaning of a text and try to choose the most salient and appropriate interpretation as a basis for bringing the text to a new audience through translation.

Bark of Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr in the diet of Cervus elaphus xanthopygus (Milne-Edwards)

“…The bark of the European hornbeam Carpinus betulus Grossh. is readily eaten by deer in Serbia and Slovakia (Gačić et al 2012;Nevřelová, Ružičková 2015), but is not eaten in Belarus (Sablina 1959). It is interesting to note that in our sample plot Carpinus cordata was one of the main second story species of the stand, but none of the trees of this species had its bark stripped by red deer.…”

“…Often, the deer start eating the bark in spring and continue to do so throughout summer, however, bark stripping in summer is mostly confined to European beech, as its bark is easier to detach from the trunk in summer (Gačić et al 2012;Kurek et al 2019;Saint-Andrieux et al 2009;Verheyden et al 2006). The bark of other tree species is usually eaten by deer in autumn and winter (Gȩbczyňska 1980;Gill 1992a;Nevřelová, Ružičková 2015;Sablina 1959). In the south of the Far East, red deer start eating tree bark in late autumn (Bromley, Kucherenko 1983;Gaponov 2006;Kaplanov 1948).…”

“…As a rule, the bark is stripped from trees with DBH of 4-20 cm at the age of 20 years. Subsequently, debarking intensity decreases with increasing age of the tree and thickness and roughness of the bark (Bromley, Kucherenko 1983;Gačić et al 2012;Gill 1992a;Kurek et al 2019;Mitchell et al 1977;Nevřelová, Ružičková 2015;Szukiel 1981;Vospernik 2006). The same trend was observed for sika deer in Japan (Akashi, Nakashizuka 1999).…”

“…Bark stripping (debarking) is a feeding behaviour in which an animal removes and, as a rule, eats bark from the trunk and large branches of trees and undergrowth (Miquelle, van Ballenberghe 1989). This behaviour is prevalent among many species of the Cervidae family, primarily in the moose Alces alces L. and the red deer Cervus elaphus L. A fairly large number of publications have been devoted to this behaviour, as well as the influence of bark stripping on the state of the tree stand (Akashi, Nakashizuka 1999;Čermák et al 2004;Dezhkin, Kaletsky 1973;Dinesman 1959;1961;Dunin, Yanushko 1979;Gačić et al 2012;Gȩbczyňska 1980;Gebert, Verheyden-Tixier 2001;Gill 1992a;1992b;Kurek et al 2019;Masuko et al 2011;Mitchell et al 1977;Michael 1987;Miquelle, van Ballenberghe 1989;Nevřelová, Ružičková 2015;Saint-Andrieux et al 2009;Szukiel 1981;Verheyden et al 2006;Vospernik 2006;White et al 2003;Yevtushevsky, Mamenko 2013).…”