Word recognition and orthographic context effects in a letter-by-letter reader

Bub, DN

doi:10.1093/neucas/1.2.139-f

Cited by 25 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Thus, weakened but sufficient activation in combination with inadequate inhibition might give rise to abov e-chance semantic categorisation in the absence of stimulus identification (see Friedman et al, 1993, for a similar account andHinton &Shallice, 1991, for an interpretation of ML's data that is consistent with this). Along similar lines, Bub et al (1989) have suggested that, if activation is sufficient, even if not of normal strength, lexical decision and semantic priming may still be possible. Similar ideas about weakened activation and/ or inhibition have also been suggested to explain phenomena of tacit recognition in other neuropsychological disorders, such as prosopagnosia or implicit/ explicit memory differences (Farah, 1994), and even in normal subjects.…”

Section: Letter-by-letter Readingmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…They attribute the presence of a word superiority effect to the presence vs. absence of the letter-by-letter gradient. In fact, even within a single subject, one can see this at work: Bub, Black, and Howell (1989) found that their patient showed a word superiority effect in only one experiment and it was in this single experiment that the patient did not show a left-right gradient in accuracy across letter positions. The suggestion that strategy determines the presence of a word superiority effect may well explain the variance in the data on this effect in LBL readers.…”

Section: Letter-by-letter Readingmentioning

confidence: 95%

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A Literature Review and New Data Supporting an Interactive Account of Letter-by-Letter Reading

Behrmann

Plaut²,

Nelson³

1998

Cognitive Neuropsychology

146

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We present a theoretical account of letter-by-letter reading (LBL) that reconciles discrepant findings associated with this form of acquired dyslexia. We claim that LBL reading is caused by a deficit that affects the normal activation of the orthographic representation of the stimulus. In spite of this lower-level deficit, the degraded orthographic information may be processed further, and lexical, semantic, and higher-order orthographic information may still influence the reading patterns of these patients. In support of our position, we present a review of 57 published cases of LBL reading in which we demonstrate that a peripheral deficit was evident in almost all of the patients and that, simultaneously, strong effects of lexical/ semantic variables were observed on reading performance. We then go on to report findings from an empirical analysis of seven LBL readers in whom we document the joint effects of lexical variables (word frequency and imageability) and word length on naming latency. We argue that the reading performance of these patients reflects the residual functioning of the same interactive system that supported normal reading premorbidly.

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Section: Letter-by-letter Readingmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Letter-by-letter Readingmentioning

confidence: 95%

A Literature Review and New Data Supporting an Interactive Account of Letter-by-Letter Reading

Behrmann

Plaut²,

Nelson³

1998

Cognitive Neuropsychology

146

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Orthographic context effects. In order to assess whether DS was able to synthesize any higher-level orthographic units from perception, a finding which would favor adequate access and use of the word-form, we adopted a paradigm which has been used extensively with normal subjects (McClelland, 1976;McClelland & Johnston, 1977) and more recently with subjects with acquired dyslexia (Bub et al, 1989;Kay & Hanley, 1990;Reuter-Lorenz & Brunn, 1990). The word superiority effect (WSE), in which a letter in a real word is recognized more quickly than a letter in a nonword, which, in turn is recognized more quickly than a letter in a random string, is taken as evidence that higher-level orthographic representations play a role in perception.…”

Section: B Locating the Underlying Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although letter-by-letter reading has been described in some detail in the literature to date, the interest has been on the nature of the disorder rather than its change over time (Bub et al, 1989;Coslett & Saffran, 1989b;Friedman & Alexander, 1984). Although Friedman and Alexander (1984) tested their letter-by-letter reader over a 2-year period, their focus was on the residual deficit.…”

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confidence: 99%

The evolution of pure alexia: a longitudinal study of recovery

Behrmann¹

1995

Neurocase

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This case report documents the partial recovery, over a 1Zmonth period, of pure alexia in an adult female following a left occipital infarction. Measures of speed and accuracy were obtained on an oral reading and a lexical decision task immediately postonset and then on 10 subsequent occasions. Explicit letter-byletter reading was observed only during the first week poststroke but a significant effect of word length was seen in all testing sessions. Reading accuracy was relatively good at all stages and reading latency showed a remarkable decrease over time but did not reach normal reading rates. The inability to use higherorder orthographic knowledge, as manifest in the absence of a word superiority effect, was still noted at one year postonset. We therefore concluded that the change in behavior was attributable to increased proficiency in the use of the adaptive letter-by-letter procedure rather than to the resolution of the underlying The first author is a fellow of the Ontario Ministry of Health Personnel Development Award Program.

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“…Behrmann and Shallice denied any spatially-based deficit in their patient, DS, and argued that letters appearing to the right of other letters are more subject to error because of their order of presentation and not because of a spatial bias. Similarly, other authors argued for a letter identification deficit in alexia (Bub et al, 1989;Arguin and Bub, 1993). Nevertheless, the relationship between the letter identification deficit and the reading disorder remains controversial (see Johnston and McClelland, 1980;McClelland and Rumelhart, 1981;Patterson and Kay, 1982;Friedman, 1988;Howard, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mechanisms of Pure Alexia: Spatially Based Impairment, Letter Identification Deficit, or Both?

Bachoud‐Lévi

2003

Neurocase

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We studied reading performance for words and for isolated letters in a pure alexic patient. She performed reasonably well when naming isolated letters but was slower in reading letters than a control subject when reaction times (RTs) were recorded. When the patient read isolated letters, RTs were slower for a subset of letters that cannot be recognized from their left part alone (e.g. ''b'', an ambiguous letter, could be read ''b'' ''h'' ''l'' or ''k'' whereas ''a'' has no predictable confounders). We observed a significant positive correlation between the RTs for reading a word and the mean RTs for reading each of its composing letters before its uniqueness point (i.e. the point, when reading from the left to the right, where a word cannot be a word other than the one it is). This result suggests that, in our patient, the letter identification deficit can account for the slow, letter-by-letter reading behaviour, insofar as each letter represents a perceptual problem. Our findings can be accounted for by a deficit in the parallel processing of the left and right parts of each letter, compounded with a bias to process first the left part of the letter, and may thus reconcile the hypotheses of spatiallybased deficit (Rapp and Caramazza, 1991) and of a perceptual deficit occurring at the letter identification level (Behrmann and Shallice, 1995;Perri et al., 1996).

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Word recognition and orthographic context effects in a letter-by-letter reader

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

A Literature Review and New Data Supporting an Interactive Account of Letter-by-Letter Reading

A Literature Review and New Data Supporting an Interactive Account of Letter-by-Letter Reading

The evolution of pure alexia: a longitudinal study of recovery

Mechanisms of Pure Alexia: Spatially Based Impairment, Letter Identification Deficit, or Both?

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