Work function of metals

Hölzl, J.; Schulte, Florian

doi:10.1007/bfb0048919

Cited by 354 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 349 publications

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“…The fourth contribution is the energy cost of crossing the surface potential χ, which results in an energy of eχ, where e is the charge of the electron. The combination of the electron chemical potential with negative sign and the energy change in crossing the surface potential dipole χ is the electron work function 25,40,41 : Φ sample = −µ e + eχ. The fifth (last) contribution comes from the spectrometer -the electron has to overcome the spectrometer work function (Φ sp ) to enter and be counted.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring individual overpotentials in an operating solid-oxide electrochemical cell

Gabaly

Graß

McDaniel

et al. 2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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We use photo-electrons as a non-contact probe to measure local electrical potentials in a solid-oxide electrochemical cell. We characterize the cell in operando at near-ambient pressure using spatially-resolved X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The overpotentials at the interfaces between the Ni and Pt electrodes and the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte are directly measured. The method is validated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Using the overpotentials, which characterize the cell's inefficiencies, we compare without ambiguity the electro-catalytic efficiencies of Ni and Pt, finding that on Ni H 2 O splitting proceeds more rapidly than H 2 oxidation ,while on Pt, H 2 oxidation proceeds more rapidly than H 2 O splitting.

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Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring individual overpotentials in an operating solid-oxide electrochemical cell

Gabaly

Graß

McDaniel

et al. 2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…The difference between the isolated free cluster and the condensed fi lm can be, in part, accounted for in terms of the work function of the substrate. The differences in this value between 1,2 PCB 10 H 11 and 1,2-C 2 B 10 H 12 appear to require the inclusion of other solid state effects and consideration of differences in the molecular electron affi nities, as work function of Ag and Cu surfaces differs little [46]. Furthermore, as noted above, the electronic structure of multilayer molecular fi lms of 1,2-C 2 B 10 H 12 differ little when adsorbed on copper and silver (by about 300 m eV) [7], but are signifi cantly different from molecular 1,2-PCB 10 H 11 on silver or gold.…”

Section: Electronic Structure Of the Molecular Fi Lmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electronic structure of 1,2-PCB10H11 molecular films: a precursor to a novel semiconductor

et al. 2006

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“…The dipole originates from a polarization of the interface due to redistribution of the electrons at the interface upon the interface formation. It is known that the electron distribution at the Au surface extends rather far into the vacuum, this is known as a 'spill-out' [23]. A plausible explanation may be that upon absorption of a molecule to the Au surface, these electrons are pushed back somewhat to the Au bulk, and this redistribution of electrons at the interface causes the local field.…”

Section: On Aumentioning

confidence: 99%

On interface dipole layers between C 60 and Ag or Au

Veenstra

Heeres

Hadziioannou

et al. 2002

Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing

105

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C 60 layers on polycrystalline Ag and Au are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. At these metal/C 60 interfaces an electron transfer occurs from the metal to the lowest unoccupied orbital of C 60 . We found in the case of the polycrystalline Ag/C 60 interface a dipolar layer with its associated electric field in the direction corresponding to the charge transfer, so pointing from the substrate to the adsorbent. Yet, at the Au/C 60 interface we observed an overall electric field pointing from C 60 towards the metal. We discuss our observations in terms of charge transfer, screening and hybridization effects and propose the occurrence of a hybridization mechanism similar to back-bonding at the Au/C 60 interface. We show that the alignment of energy levels at the metal/C 60 interface cannot simply be deduced using the metal workfunction and the frontier orbitals of C 60 , including screening effects, since hybridization effects may strongly alter the interfacial energy level structure. Our experimental findings on the polycrystalline metal/C 60 interfaces indicate an at-most weak dependence of the Fermi level of the C 60 overlayer on the workfunction of the polycrystalline metal substrate. These interfaces are found in donoracceptor-based organic photovoltaic devices and our results may help to understand the electrical characteristics of these devices.

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Work function of metals

Cited by 354 publications

References 349 publications

Measuring individual overpotentials in an operating solid-oxide electrochemical cell

Measuring individual overpotentials in an operating solid-oxide electrochemical cell

The electronic structure of 1,2-PCB10H11 molecular films: a precursor to a novel semiconductor

On interface dipole layers between C 60 and Ag or Au

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