World-wide ambient measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury

Peroxyacetyl nitrate-induced oxidative and calcium signaling events leading to cell death in ozone-sensitive tobacco cell-line

“…4 Phytotoxic episodes with atmospheric PAN amounts of more than 15 ppb were observed in Southern California in the 1980s. 5 Although PAN production has decreased in North America and Europe since 1980s, increase in PAN production has been reported especially in Eastern Asia. 3 Recently, high amounts of tropospheric PAN between 0.2 and 0.7 ppm were measured over the Southern Atlantic, Central and South Africa, and the South Indian Ocean covering Australian coast.…”

Global peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) retrieval in the upper troposphere from limb emission spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)

“…Another airborne campaign off the west coast of North America, the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2) project, was carried out to investigate the intercontinental PAN transport from East Asia (Roberts et al, 2004). Most of the other PAN data available are groundbased measurements in the boundary layer in highly polluted as well as very remote regions (Temple et al, 1983;Beine et al, 2000;Gaffney et al, 1999;Jacobi et al, 1999). Whereas all these airborne and groundbased measurements employed in-situ techniques, only quite recently the first detection of upper-tropospheric PAN in infrared remote sensing spectra of MIPAS/ENVISAT and of the balloon-borne MIPAS instrument (MIPAS-B2) was reported (Allen, 2005a;Remedios et al, 2006Remedios et al, , 2007.…”

Pan over the Arctic; Observations during AGASP-2 in April 1986

“…Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a well recognized product of the oxidation of oxides of nitrogen in urban polluted atmospheres (Temple and Taylor, 1983). Lately, it has become clear that PAN is also ubiquitous in rural and remote atmospheres.…”