“…In engineering alloy systems, microstructure refinement during SPD is strongly dependent on the strain path and solute content [6], and the size and size distribution of second phases [7,8]. Furthermore, dynamic processes such as solute precipitation [9][10][11] or dissolution [12] may occur during large strain deformation and influence the extent and nature of microstructure refinement. Control of the initial state of the material, as well as the SPD processing conditions, is thus necessary to realize the full potential of the nanocrystalline state of such alloys for engineering applications.…”