X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Reflectivity Applied to Investigation of Thin Films

Rafaja, David

doi:10.1007/3-540-44946-9_23

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, it is proposed that a relatively crystalline FeS layer is formed between the substrate and the MoS 2 film. The penetration depth for GXRD is on the order of 1−2 μm deep vs XPS, which penetrates only a few nanometers below the surface . This is consistent with why FeS is observed in the former measurement, but not the latter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS₂ Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

McCain

Sanati

et al. 2008

Chem. Mater.

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MoS 2 thin films have been deposited onto 52100 steel substrates by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition using the metal-organic precursor tetrakis(diethyl-dithiocarbamato)molybdenum(IV) (1). Analysis of the films indicates growth of an initial, highly crystalline FeS layer exhibiting preferred orientation parallel to the substrate, followed by growth of MoS 2 nanoparticles. Friction coefficients for MoS 2 -coated steel specimens reach 0.10 when tested at 100 °C in air. Tetrakis(tert-butylthiolato)titanium(IV) (2), dissolved with complex 1 in THF solutions, yields nanoparticle films of variable TiO 2 content as a result of solvent decomposition on MoS 2 and subsequent in situ reaction with the titanium precursor.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS₂ Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

McCain

Sanati

et al. 2008

Chem. Mater.

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“…A 1.5 deg. angle of incidence gave a 150 nm layer sensitivity 77-84% using kinematical diffraction theory (This calculation uses the formula derived by Rafaja [25] where it is assumed that the reflection intensity from a layer is given by = exp{− ((1/ sin( incident )) + (1/ sin( exit )))} .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen Implantation on Metal Transfer during Sliding Wear under Ambient Conditions

Autry¹,

Marcus²

2013

Advances in Tribology

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Nitrogen implantation in Interstitial-Free steel was evaluated for its impact on metal transfer and 1100 Al rider wear. It was determined that nitrogen implantation reduced metal transfer in a trend that increased with dose; the Archard wear coefficient reductions of two orders of magnitude were achieved using a dose of 2e17 ions/cm2, 100 kV. Cold-rolling the steel and making volumetric wear measurements of the Al-rider determined that the hardness of the harder material had little impact on volumetric wear or friction. Nitrogen implantation had chemically affected the tribological process studied in two ways: directly reducing the rider wear and reducing the fraction of rider wear that ended up sticking to the ISF steel surface. The structure of the nitrogen in the ISF steel did not affect the tribological behavior because no differences in friction/wear measurements were detected after postimplantation heat treating to decompose the as-implantedε-Fe3N toγ-Fe4N. The fraction of rider-wear sticking to the steel depended primarily on the near-surface nitrogen content. Covariance analysis of the debris oxygen and nitrogen contents indicated that nitrogen implantation enhanced the tribo-oxidation process with reference to the unimplanted material. As a result, the reduction in metal transfer was likely related to the observed tribo-oxidation in addition to the introduction of nitride wear elements into the debris. The primary Al rider wear mechanism was stick-slip, and implantation reduced the friction and friction noise associated with that wear mechanism. Calculations based on the Tabor junction growth formula indicate that the mitigation of the stick-slip mechanism resulted from a reduced adhesive strength at the interface during the sticking phase.

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“…This technique is commonly called glancing-angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD). At small angles of incidence, the penetration depth of the radiation into the thin film is substantially reduced, [4] which increases the scattering power of the thin film. Another advantage of GAXRD is that individual diffraction lines are recorded at different angles between the diffraction vector and the sample surface normal direction (on crystallographic planes having different inclinations from the sample surface), which yields information on the dependence of the microstructure parameters on the macroscopic direction.…”

Section: Functional Cubic Thin Films ð a Structure Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Cubic Thin Films — A Structure View

Rafaja¹

2004

Adv Eng Mater

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Functionality of advanced materials is determined by their electronic structure, [1] which is, on the other hand, related to the crystal structure of materials. [2] In other words, materials parameters are controlled by the structure of matters and modified by deviations from the ideal crystal structure, which is called real structure. Thus, a substantial part of the materials science is devoted to the study of the relationship between the real structure and the physical properties of materials. In these studies, the structure research plays a very important role.The relationship between the materials structure and the materials properties is crucial for low-dimensional structures, which can be produced with a huge variety of microstructures and frequently at thermodynamically unstable conditions that causes large variations in the real structure. A typical task to the structure research is then to explain the observed differences in behaviour of materials having the same or nearly the same chemical composition.This contribution illustrates the capability of the structure research and particularly the capability of the X-ray diffraction to investigate the real structure and microstructure of thin films. The experimental examples illustrate the experimental procedure and the theoretical approach applied to a detailed structure study of nanocrystalline UN thin films grown by the physical vapour deposition (PVD). From the microstructural point of view, cubic UN can be used as a representative compound for other nitrides crystallising with the NaCl structure type like TiN or (Ti,Al)N. The unique position of UN is given by its chemical nature. No destructive analytical method, e.g., the transmission electron microscopy, is desired for uranium compounds, thus the X-ray diffraction is asked to supply as much information on real structure as possible. Concerning the relationship between physical properties and microstructure in the cubic UN thin films, a development of the ferromagnetic component was observed below 100 K, although bulk UN is paramagnetic above 53 K and antiferromagnetic below 53 K. Moreover, the critical temperature varied with deposition conditions Ð in particular with the substrate temperature during the deposition process. As a reason for the observed difference in the magnetic behaviour, variations in the microscopic and mesoscopic structure were anticipated. A distinct influence on the magnetic characteristics was expected due to the crystallite size, because the uncompensated magnetic moments at the crystallite boundaries can produce a ferromagnetic component. On the contrary, our results have shown that the crystallite size does not change significantly in individual samples. Still, large differences among the samples were found in the crystal deformation, which modifies the interatomic distances and consequently the band structure and the magnetic properties of the UN thin films. It is known from earlier experiments [3] that hydrostatic pressure decreases the NØel temperature of the cubic UN, cle...

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X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Reflectivity Applied to Investigation of Thin Films

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS₂ Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS₂ Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

Effect of Nitrogen Implantation on Metal Transfer during Sliding Wear under Ambient Conditions

Functional Cubic Thin Films — A Structure View

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X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Reflectivity Applied to Investigation of Thin Films

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS2 Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS2 Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

Effect of Nitrogen Implantation on Metal Transfer during Sliding Wear under Ambient Conditions

Functional Cubic Thin Films — A Structure View

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Product

Resources

About

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS₂ Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping

Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Lubricating MoS₂ Films. Ferrous Substrates and Titanium Film Doping