X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry in art and archaeology

Mantler, Michael; Schreiner, Manfred

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4539(200001/02)29:1<3::aid-xrs398>3.3.co;2-f

Cited by 88 publications

(122 citation statements)

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“…According to the physical or chemical principia in which the method is based, it can be classified into five main groups, as shown in Fig. 8: (a) classical chemical analysis [11,12,28,33,43], (b) spectroscopic techniques [10,11,17,44,45], (c) activation techniques [10,11,19], (d) electrochemical methods [14, [46][47][48][49][50], and (e) thermoanalytical techniques [11,18,51].…”

Section: Classification Of Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Texture and strata structure Microscopy techniques included in this category can be grouped into three classes, as shown in Fig. 10: (a) light microscopy (LM) [11,52], (b) electron microscopy [45,53], and (c) atomic force microscopy (AFM) [54]. 4.…”

Section: Classification Of Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main disadvantage is that they are limited in the elements than can be analyzed in air. Shielding effect due to the presence of coatings (varnishes), roughness and particles deposited on the surface due to pollution may also affect the result of analyses [45]. In addition, the elements detected can arise from any component of the paint where a layered structure is present, so that penetration of X-ray beam and excitation of constituents of the underlayers may serve to confuse the results of identification.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, identification of a pigment is mainly carried out by recognizing the heaviest element as it has the highest concentration in the pigment; nevertheless, selection or recognition of two elements is required for discriminating among pigments that contain the same element [45]. For example, yellow pigments litharge and Naples yellow can be easily discriminated by the presence of Sb together with Pb in the latter.…”

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

Doménech‐Carbó

Osete-Cortina

2016

ChemTexts

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Section: Classification Of Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classification Of Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

Doménech‐Carbó

Osete-Cortina

2016

ChemTexts

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“…It is known that SEM/EDS is a good screening technique, PIXE is a quick technique even if the instrumentation is very expensive, while XRF is suitable when the analysis requires also quantitative results. The XRF instrumentation is of easy use and routine maintenance, the three techniques investigated are indeed non-destructive [19][20][21][22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Different Spectroscopic Techniques in the Analysis of Roman Age Wall Paintings

2006

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In this paper the analysis of samples of Roman age wall paintings coming from: Pordenone, Vicenza and Verona is carried out by using three different techniques: energy dispersive x‐rays spectroscopy (EDS), x‐rays fluorescence (XRF) and proton induced x‐rays emission (PIXE). The features of the three spectroscopic techniques in the analysis of samples of archaeological interest are discussed.The studied pigments were: cinnabar, yellow ochre, green earth, Egyptian blue and carbon black

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X‐Ray Techniques

Stuart

2007

Analytical Techniques in Materials Conservation

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X-rays are an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of the order of 10 −10 m. They are typically generated via the bombardment of a metal with high energy electrons. The manner in which X-ray radiation interacts with or is emitted by matter has been exploited in a number of experimental techniques that are widely employed for the structural and compositional analysis of materials of cultural importance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) exploits the fact that the wavelengths of X-rays are comparable to the spacing between regularly spaced atoms. This enables diffraction patterns to be formed and the compounds present to be identified. In X-ray fluorescence (XRF), a beam of X-rays are used to ionise atoms in a material of interest. The characteristic radiation that is emitted provides information about the type and amount of the elements present in a sample. Electron microprobe analysis can be used for analysis of elements as well. The emission of X-rays induced by the use of high energy ion beams can also be examined in techniques such as proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). As with XRF, qualitative and quantitative analysis can be carried out. The energy of X-rays is also exploited in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In XPS, the energy of the incident radiation causes electrons to be ejected from the inner cores of atoms. In AES, the emission of a second electron occurs after high energy radiation has expelled another. As the energies released are characteristic of the elements present, these techniques can be used to identify elements in a material of interest.

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X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry in art and archaeology

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

Use of Different Spectroscopic Techniques in the Analysis of Roman Age Wall Paintings

X‐Ray Techniques

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