X-ray Optics Developments at the APS for the Third Generation of High-Energy Synchrotron Radiation Sources

Abstract

Third-generation hard-X-ray synchrotron radiation sources simultaneously provide both a need and an opportunity for the development of new short-wavelength optical components. The high power and power densities of the insertion-device-produced X-ray beams have forced researchers to consider what may seem like exotic approaches, such as cryogenically cooled silicon and highly perfect diamond crystals, to mitigate thermal distortions in the first optical components. Once the power has been successfully filtered while maintaining the high beam brilliance, additional specialized optical components can be inserted into the monochromatic beam that take advantage of that brilliance. This paper reviews the performance of such optical components that have been designed, fabricated and tested at the Advanced Photon Source, starting with high-heat-load components and followed by examples of several specialized devices, such as an meV resolution (in-line) monochromator, a high-energy X-ray phase retarder and a phase-zone plate with submicrometer focusing capability.

Introduction to Non‐Laboratory Radiation Sources

“…However, an undulator beam can produce a heat load in excess of 2000 W. As a result of the significant heat generated by absorption of X-rays by the silicon crystal in the white beam, monochromators on undulator beamlines need to be cryogenically cooled using circulating liquid nitrogen (Lee et al, 2000). Liquid nitrogen is not used just as a means to remove heat, but the heat transfer through silicon improves significantly at cryogenic temperatures (Mills, 1997). The thermal conductivity (k) changes from 1.48 W cm −1 K −1 at 300 K to 13.4 W cm −1 K −1 at 80 K (Mills, 1997).…”

“…Liquid nitrogen is not used just as a means to remove heat, but the heat transfer through silicon improves significantly at cryogenic temperatures (Mills, 1997). The thermal conductivity (k) changes from 1.48 W cm −1 K −1 at 300 K to 13.4 W cm −1 K −1 at 80 K (Mills, 1997). Single crystals of diamond can also be used in place of silicon in monochromators on undulator beamlines.…”

Hard X-ray polarizer to enable simultaneous three-dimensional nanoscale imaging of magnetic structure and lattice strain

“…XPRs are commonly made from diamond due to low attenuation of hard X-rays and the availability of nearly perfect single crystals. Thus, diamond XPRs have been widely used at synchrotron light sources (Mills, 1997;Giles et al, 1994;Lang & Srajer, 1995;Suzuki et al, 2014). On the other hand, it is not obvious that coherent X-ray methods depending on use of a well defined, stable wavefront are possible using XPR optics (Hruszkewycz et al, 2010).…”