X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of barium titanate ceramics prepared by the citric route. Residual carbon study

Abstract

Powder and ceramics of barium titanate prepared by the citric process were studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Spectra of C1s, O1s, Ti2p, Ba3d, and Ba4d levels are analyzed in powder and ceramics immediately after the sintering step and after several months of exposure in the air. Ar-ion etching allowed one to characterize the material intrinsic carbon. The results are discussed in comparison with works previously published on oxide single crystals.

Dielectric properties of BaMg1∕3Nb2∕3O3 doped Ba0.45Sr0.55Tio3 thin films for tunable microwave applications

“…21 Though insignificant, the higher -phase fraction for undoped film shows a Ti poor surface as well as higher oxygen vacancy which exhibits itself through the increase of dielectric loss and LC. 26,29,30 On the other hand, the peak positions for the undoped film (Ba3d 5=2 , Ba3d 3=2 ) and (Ba3d 5=2 , Ba3d 3=2 ) are comparable with what has been reported by others, [24][25][26][27][28] but the doping has introduced a surface core level shift towards higher binding energy by about 0.4 eV. The spin-orbit coupling distance (Ba3d 5=2 !…”

“…2(a)), respectively. [24][25][26][27][28] The -phase is associated to Ba atoms in BST perovskite 24 while the -phase is coupled with Ba atom in BST nonperovskite environment, such as carbonates, 27 oxides, 28 and relaxed BST phases due to oxygen vacancy and residual defects. 24,26 Moreover, in Ref.…”

“…The high field region data fit well with PF model at all temperature ranges, leading to dynamic dielectric permittivity ranging from 8.85 to 3.85 (Table 1, column 5) that fall well within the typical range. 24,[27][28][29][30] The result suggests that, unlike the undoped BST film, the PF model is the dominant conduction mechanism in the doped BST thin film. A similar analysis on the undoped BST film (data not shown) indicates that the conduction mechanism in the film cannot be controlled by the PF conduction mechanism since the extracted " r parameters are very large (54.4 to 9.0, see Table 1, column 4).…”

Compositional, structural and electrical characterization of barium titanate thin films prepared on fused silica and Si(111) by spray pyrolysis

“…The C 1s signal was fitted with three bands corresponding to BaCO 3 and C-C and C-O bonds at 284.6 and 286.2 eV. 16,17 The fits of Ba 3d 5/2 and O 1s peaks have been carried out by taking into account the binding energy differences between C 1s, Ba 3d 5/2 and O 1s in BaCO 3 , 11,18 as well as the binding energy differences between Ti 2p 3/2 , Ba 3d 5/2 and O 1s in BaTiO 3 . 11,14 In BaTiO 3 films, an additional band for fitting of the Ba 3d 5/2 peak was considered due to a surface-related contribution.…”

Characterization of barium titanate nanoparticles and dense nanograin free-standing films via sol-gel method using highly concentrated alkoxide solution

“…One is the extrinsic effects attributed to lattice defects such as lattice hydroxyl groups 16) and any remaining alkoxy groups. 17) These effects vary depending on synthesis procedures. Another possible reason is an intrinsic effect attributed to the size of the crystalline particles.…”