X-ray transmission grating spectrometer with CCD detector for laser plasma studies

Abstract

A program is under way to develop methods and instrumentation based on charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors for hot plasma diagnostics. We have developed a new X-ray spectrometer in which a freestanding X-ray transmission grating is coupled to a CCD linear array detector with electronic digitized readout replacing film and its wet processing. This instrument measures time-integrated pulsed X-ray spectra with moderate spectral resolution (δλ ≤ 0.6 nm) over a broad spectral range (0.3–2 keV) with high sensitivity, linearity, and large dynamic range. The performance of the device was tested using laser plasma as the X-ray source.

High speed plasma diagnostics for laser plasma interaction and fusion studies

“…However, they suffer from a complicated alignment and astigmatism problem. However transmission gratings (Alexandrov et al 1988(Alexandrov et al , 1989Pina et al 1991;Bolotin et al 1993) are of interest as X-ray optics elements. Spectrometersobased on such gratings provide a wide working range from a few angstroms to a few 100A and good spectrum visibility at a resolution of A/AA ~ 10 2.…”

“…In this case alignment is very easy and it can provide spatial resolution throughout the spectral range if a slit or a pin-hole is mounted in front of it. X-ray transmission grating spectrograph (Alexandrov et al 1988(Alexandrov et al , 1989Pina et al 1991;Schwanda & Eidmann 1992;Bolotin et al 1993) has proved to be a good tool for determining the radiation temperature of laser irradiated gold cavities along with the spatial and absolute spectral information. A transmission grating spectrometer has been developed to study the spectral property of X-rays being emitted from the plasma as well as to measure the black body radiation temperature from the gold cavity or hohlraum target.…”

Space-Resolved Spectrum Diagnose by Soft X-Ray Transmission Grating Spectrometer

“…Spectrometers based on these gratings, as compared with grazing incidence spectrometers, are of simple design and easy to be adjusted. Pulsed broadband X-ray spectrum could be measured quite effectively with the help of these instruments [9] . To unfold the X-ray spectrum from the measured spectral distribution image, an iterative procedure was performed [4,9] .…”

“…Pulsed broadband X-ray spectrum could be measured quite effectively with the help of these instruments [9] . To unfold the X-ray spectrum from the measured spectral distribution image, an iterative procedure was performed [4,9] . And the one dimensional method of orthogonal function expansion [10] and polynomial splay way [11] for unfolding raw spectra were also put forward.…”

Precise measurement technology of soft-x-ray spectrum using dual transmission grating spectrometer

“…Through precise calibration of transmission grating and recording film or an x-ray charge-coupled device ͑CCD͒, quantitative measurement technology of softx-ray spectra using a transmission grating spectrometer has been developed in recent years. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]13 But there also exists a series of faults in this measurement technology which limit its precision. These faults mainly include the assumption of the cutoff short wavelength min ͑the higher-order diffraction is neglected in the region min -2 min ) and error propagation in the deconvolution of the overlapping grating orders.…”