XPS study of some calcium compounds

Demri, B.; Muster, D.

doi:10.1016/0924-0136(95)02023-3

Cited by 337 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While these are possible explanations, the complex nature of solids isolated from produced water make it difficult to determine its exact chemical composition. Muster, 1995). The spin orbit splitting between Ca 2p 3/2 and Ca 2p 3/2 was found at 3.5 eV, which also matched literature values (Chastain & King,1992;Demri& Muster, 1995).…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Xps)supporting

confidence: 76%

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Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

2016

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

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CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLIDS IN PRODUCED WATER FROM WELLS FRACTURED WITH RECYCLED AND FRESH WATERWater management is a central issue in oil and gas development. Hydraulic fracturing applied in unconventional tight oil and gas development requires large amounts of water, and the wastewater that results after production--containing high levels of organic and inorganic matter--usually is disposed of through deep well injection. A new approach reuses this produced water as part of subsequent fracturing fluid, an alternative that could significantly reduce both fresh water demand and the cost associated with deep well injection. However, produced water must be treated prior to reuse, to remove most of the suspended solids and multivalent ions that would otherwise cause scale or clogging problems. Understanding the amount and composition of solids in produced water is crucial in achieving optimized treatment and reuse.This study targeted the characterization, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of the solids in produced water from oil and gas operations and the comparison of solids from wells fractured with fresh water and recycled water. Samples were collected from five wells at the Crow Creek and Chandler State pads in the Wattenberg field of Northern Colorado. Wells in the same pad were fractured either with fresh surface water only or with water blended with some portion of recycled produced water. Gravimetric analyses of dissolved and suspended solids were performed, and particle size distributions of suspended solids were measured. Suspended solids also were isolated and characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Gravimetric analyses showed that total dissolved solids (TDS) averaged about 24000 mg/L and 17000 mg/L for Crow Creek and Chandler State wells, respectively. Total suspended iii solids (TSS) concentrations were much lower, measuring 550 and 260 mg/L for the two pads.About 9 to25 percent of TDS was volatile and 88 to 99 percent of TSS was highly volatile.Particle sizes were high during first few days of production and then stabilized at about 400 nm and 900 nm for wells on the Crow Creek and Chandler State pads, respectively. At the Crow Creek pad, particle sizes were smaller and mono-distributed in produced water samples collected during the first week of production from the well fractured with recycled water, suggesting that the recycled water was more compatible with shale formation and that wells fractured with recycled water tend to clean out faster. XPS tests for isolated suspended solids showed the presence of major elements such as oxygen, carbon, and silicon, along with minor elements such as calcium, magnesium, zirconium, iron, and others. Core-level scanning confirmed that the isolated suspended solids were mainly composed of carbonate based minerals and metal oxides; several iron compounds with different valences were also found in the produced water samples.

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Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Xps)supporting

confidence: 76%

“…Muster, 1995). The spin orbit splitting between Ca 2p 3/2 and Ca 2p 3/2 was found at 3.5 eV, which also matched literature values (Chastain & King,1992;Demri& Muster, 1995).…”

Section: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Xps)supporting

confidence: 76%

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

2016

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

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“…O'Bryan and Skinner [21] measured the M A Bolorizadeh et al 3 K-emission spectra of Ca using soft X-rays and obtained the first estimate of bandwidth of 15 eV for the upper valence sub-band. Several authors [22,23,24] made XPS measurements of the valence band and Ca 3p and 3s semi-core levels. We note that a few optical measurements were also performed on CaO to probe the conduction and valence band structures (see, for example, Whited and Walker [25]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic band structure of calcium oxide

Bolorizadeh

Sashin

Kheifets³

et al. 2004

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena

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Abstract. We employed electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS) to measure the bulk electronic structure of calcium oxide. We extracted the electron momentum density (EMD), density of occupied states (DOS), band dispersions, bandwidths and intervalence bandgaps from the data. The results are compared with calculations based on the full potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) approximation. While the bandwidths of 0.6 ± 0.2 eV and 1.2 ± 0.1 eV for the s-and p-bands, respectively, and their dispersions agree well with the LMTO calculation, the relative intensity of the two bands is at odds with the theory. The measured intervalence bandgap at the Γ-point of 16.5 ± 0.2 eV is larger by 2.1 eV than that from the LMTO calculation. The experimental bandwidth of the Ca 3p semi-core level of 0.7 ± 0.1 eV agrees with the LMTO prediction. The measured bandgap between this level and the s-band is 3.6 ± 0.2 eV. The Ca 3s-3p level splitting is in excellent agreement with the literature.

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“…The detailed values of binding energy and offset of each composition element of magnesite treated with different adding sequences are shown in Table 3. It can be observed from Table 3 that the Ca2p3/2 peak and Ca2s peak are located at 346.8 eV and 438 eV, respectively, attributed to CaCO3 [34,35]. The data demonstrate that Ca 2+ adsorbs on a magnesite surface in the form of CaCO3.…”

Section: Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 66%

Elimination of the Adverse Effect of Calcium Ion on the Flotation Separation of Magnesite from Dolomite

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The separation of magnesite from dolomite was studied by flotation tests, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and zeta potential measurements in the presence of calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) dissolved from dolomite. Sodium oleate (NaOL) was used as collector, and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SH) were used as regulators. The results showed that SH had a good selective inhibition ability in pure mineral flotations of magnesite and dolomite. While in the presence of Ca 2+ dissolved from dolomite, magnesite and dolomite were both inhibited by SH. The separation of magnesite from dolomite cannot be realized because Ca 2+ can adsorb on the surface of magnesite in the form of CaCO 3 and change the surface properties of magnesite. Thus, the magnesite flotation was depressed. When the sequence of reagent addition was changed to add SH prior to Na 2 CO 3 , a complex was made by Ca 2+ reacting with SH, which avoided the adsorption of Ca 2+ on the magnesite surface and prevented the changing of the magnesite's surface properties. Then, after adjusting the solution pH with Na 2 CO 3 , the flotation separation of magnesite from dolomite could be achieved.

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XPS study of some calcium compounds

Cited by 337 publications

References 9 publications

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

Characterization of solids in produced water from wells fractured with recycled and fresh water

Electronic band structure of calcium oxide

Elimination of the Adverse Effect of Calcium Ion on the Flotation Separation of Magnesite from Dolomite

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