Xyloglucan<i>endo</i>-Transglycosylase-Mediated Xyloglucan Rearrangements in Developing Wood of Hybrid Aspen

Nishikubo, Nobuyuki; Takahashi, Junko; Roos, Alexandra A.; Derba‐Maceluch, Marta; Piens, Kathleen; Brumer, Harry; Teeri, Tuula T.; Stålbrand, Henrik; Mellerowicz, Ewa J.

doi:10.1104/pp.110.166934

Cited by 109 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…Although untested at present, AtXTH31 and/or AtXTH32 may not have the capacity to access such regions. Collectively, these observations may explain why XTH-related wall phenotypes are often slight in those cases where they are observed (Cosgrove, 2000(Cosgrove, , 2005Osato et al, 2006;Miedes et al, 2011;Nishikubo et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Although the molecular mechanisms of cell wall extension are largely unknown, a key tenet is transient wall loosening effected by the cleavage and religation of matrix xyloglucan by XET (EC 2.4.1.207). Indeed, since the discovery of XET activity in the early 1990s, a strong focus on xyloglucan transglycosylation in the context of wall extension and remodeling continues to be sustained (Takeda et al, 2002;Nishikubo et al, 2007Nishikubo et al, , 2011Baba et al, 2009;Hernández-Nistal et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2010;Miedes et al, 2010Miedes et al, , 2011Opazo et al, 2010;Stratilová et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

et al. 2012

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The molecular basis of primary wall extension endures as one of the central enigmas in plant cell morphogenesis. Classical cell wall models suggest that xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase activity is the primary catalyst (together with expansins) of controlled cell wall loosening through the transient cleavage and religation of xyloglucan-cellulose cross links. The genome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains 33 phylogenetically diverse XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE/ HYDROLASE (XTH) gene products, two of which were predicted to be predominant xyloglucan endohydrolases due to clustering into group III-A. Enzyme kinetic analysis of recombinant AtXTH31 confirmed this prediction and indicated that this enzyme had similar catalytic properties to the nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) xyloglucanase1 responsible for storage xyloglucan hydrolysis during germination. Global analysis of Genevestigator data indicated that AtXTH31 and the paralogous AtXTH32 were abundantly expressed in expanding tissues. Microscopy analysis, utilizing the resorufin b-glycoside of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide XXXG as an in situ probe, indicated significant xyloglucan endohydrolase activity in specific regions of both roots and hypocotyls, in good correlation with transcriptomic data. Moreover, this hydrolytic activity was essentially completely eliminated in AtXTH31/AtXTH32 double knockout lines. However, single and double knockout lines, as well as individual overexpressing lines, of AtXTH31 and AtXTH32 did not demonstrate significant growth or developmental phenotypes. These results suggest that although xyloglucan polysaccharide hydrolysis occurs in parallel with primary wall expansion, morphological effects are subtle or may be compensated by other mechanisms. We hypothesize that there is likely to be an interplay between these xyloglucan endohydrolases and recently discovered apoplastic exo-glycosidases in the hydrolytic modification of matrix xyloglucans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

et al. 2012

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“…El xiloglucano es una hemicelulosa importante de la pared celular primaria que se une covalentemente a la celulosa, revistiendo y uniéndose a las microfibrillas de celulosa adyacentes, formando la red de sostén de la pared (Nishikubo et al 2011). La remodelación de esta red por parte de las expansinas, celulasas, xiloglucanasas y xiloglucano transglicolasas, se cree juega un rol mayor en la regulación del ablandamiento de la pared, lo cual lleva al crecimiento celular (Sampedro y Cosgrove 2005).…”

Section: Xiloglucano Endotransglicosilasas/hidrolasasunclassified

“…Xiloglucano endotransglicosilasas/hidrolasas (XTH) es una familia que comprende dos tipos de enzimas, la xiloglucano endotransglicolasa (XET) y la xiloglucano endohidrolasa (XEH). La actividad de XEH genera el rompimiento de los enlaces β-(1,4) glicosídicos en las moléculas de xiloglucano, mientras que XET ensambla nuevamente las cadenas de xiloglucano transfiriendo el segmento xiloglucanil al O-4 del extremo no reducido de un aceptor xiloglucano (Fry 1992, Nishikubo et al 2011. La familia de genes xth está sujeta a regulación tejido-específica, ambiental y hormonal, y su rol en el crecimiento y desarrollo celular aún no está claro; sin embargo, se ha visto que diferentes isoformas de XTH inducen la dureza o ablandamiento en la pared celular (Fry et al 1992, Xu et al 1996, Vissenberg et al 2000, Nishikubo et al 2011.…”

Section: Xiloglucano Endotransglicosilasas/hidrolasasunclassified

“…La actividad de XEH genera el rompimiento de los enlaces β-(1,4) glicosídicos en las moléculas de xiloglucano, mientras que XET ensambla nuevamente las cadenas de xiloglucano transfiriendo el segmento xiloglucanil al O-4 del extremo no reducido de un aceptor xiloglucano (Fry 1992, Nishikubo et al 2011. La familia de genes xth está sujeta a regulación tejido-específica, ambiental y hormonal, y su rol en el crecimiento y desarrollo celular aún no está claro; sin embargo, se ha visto que diferentes isoformas de XTH inducen la dureza o ablandamiento en la pared celular (Fry et al 1992, Xu et al 1996, Vissenberg et al 2000, Nishikubo et al 2011. La expresión de genes xth es alta en las regiones donde la formación de la pared es activa, en zonas de elongación y en regiones donde la deposición de la pared continúa después de la elongación celular (Bourquin et al 2002, Sampedro y Crosgrove 2005, Nishikubo et al 2011.…”

Section: Xiloglucano Endotransglicosilasas/hidrolasasunclassified

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Formación De Elementos Anatómicos en Maderas Duras: Una Revisión Desde Una Perspectiva Genómica

Carrillo¹,

Elissetche²,

Valenzuela³

et al. 2013

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

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RESUMENLa madera es un recurso natural renovable que proporciona materia prima para la construcción, generación de energía, fibras para la producción de pulpa y papel, paneles y tableros, y más recientemente para biocombustibles y biomateriales, lo que la hace el quinto producto comercial más importante del mundo. Diferencias en las propiedades físicas, químicas y anatómicas de la madera la hacen un material altamente variable y complejo. Estas propiedades influyen de forma directa en su valor comercial y derivan del tamaño, forma y arreglo de los diferentes tipos de células, y de la estructura y composición química de la pared celular de las distintas células del xilema. Éstas a su vez, están controladas por distintos factores ambientales y genéticos que regulan los procesos de biosíntesis de los diferentes componentes de la madera. Para aplicar herramientas moleculares y genéticas que permitan optimizar los procesos de selección de especies forestales con características superiores, es necesario entender los mecanismos que regulan estas propiedades, lo cual incluye comprender la dinámica de la estructura de la pared celular desde la formación de la célula cambial inicial hasta la formación de las células diferenciadas finales que conforman el xilema. La presente revisión explora las principales características anatómicas y el proceso de xilogénesis, enfocado particularmente en angiospermas, discutiendo los aspectos genéticos involucrados en la determinación de las características anatómicas de la madera, como dimensiones de los elementos celulares y características de la fibra, basándose en diferentes estudios realizados con especies de los géneros Populus y Eucalyptus, además de la planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana.Palabras clave: Maderas duras, xilogénesis, expansión celular, pared celular secundaria, expresión genética. ABSTRACTWood is a renewable natural resource that provides raw material for construction, power generation, fibers for pulp and paper production, panels and boards, and more recently, biofuels and biomaterials, making it the fifth most important commercial product in the world. The wood is a highly variable and complex material that has different chemical, physical and anatomical properties that are influencing their commercial value. These properties depend on the size, shape and arrangement of the different cell types, and of the structure and chemical composition of the xylem cell wall. At the same time, these properties are controlled by different environmental and genetic factors that regulate the biosynthesis processes of the different wood components. To apply molecular and genetic tools to optimize the selection processes of forest species with superior traits, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that regulate these properties, as the dynamics of cell wall structure from the initial cambial cell formation to the final differentiated cells formation that compose the xylem. This review explores the

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Plant Cell Walls

Srivastava

McKee

Bulone

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Common to all plant species, the cell wall is the tough outer coat that protects the plant cell. The cell wall is mostly carbohydrate‐based, comprising three major classes of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. There are also important structural proteins as well as phenolic and aliphatic polymers. The cell wall provides mechanical strength to the plant body, allowing upright growth and structure formation, and also plays important roles in cellular processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation, intercellular communication, water movement and defence responses against pests or pathogens. Cell walls may even be involved in signal sensing during pattern formation in plant development. Key Concepts The cell wall is the outermost layer of the plant cell. The cell wall consists essentially of three major types of carbohydrates – cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins – and proteins. Some specialised cell wall types, for example woody cell walls also contain phenolic and aliphatic polymers in addition to carbohydrate polymers. The cell wall is a dynamic structure whose composition changes during cell, tissue and plant development and in response to various stresses. The cell wall provides mechanical strength to the plant body. The cell wall plays important roles in processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation, intercellular communication, water movement and defence responses against pests or pathogens.

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Xyloglucanendo-Transglycosylase-Mediated Xyloglucan Rearrangements in Developing Wood of Hybrid Aspen

Cited by 109 publications

References 69 publications

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

Group III-AXTHGenes of Arabidopsis Encode Predominant Xyloglucan Endohydrolases That Are Dispensable for Normal Growth

Formación De Elementos Anatómicos en Maderas Duras: Una Revisión Desde Una Perspectiva Genómica

Plant Cell Walls

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